Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Geriatrics Reports 3/2017

Open Access 28.07.2017 | Nutrition, Obesity, and Diabetes (H Florez, Section Editor)

Comparative Effectiveness for Glycemic Control in Older Adults with Diabetes

verfasst von: Michael Quartuccio, Brian Buta, Rita Rastogi Kalyani

Erschienen in: Current Geriatrics Reports | Ausgabe 3/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this review is to summarize the current data for comparative effectiveness of glycemic control in older adults.

Recent Findings

In the last several years, professional societies have released guidelines for glycemic control in older adults, generally recommending individualized HbA1c goals. However, recent observational studies demonstrate that many older adults remain aggressively managed and are at increased risk of hypoglycemia. Large randomized trials of older adults with diabetes have failed to show convincing cardiovascular benefit from intensive glycemic control and suggest some microvascular benefit. Additionally, a few studies suggest that suboptimal glycemic control can increase the risk for geriatric syndromes. Emerging research suggests similar safety and efficacy of glucose-lowering therapies in older versus younger adults.

Summary

Overall, there is a paucity of data supporting the benefit of intensive glycemic control in older adults. More research is needed in this vulnerable population.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat American Diabetes Association. 11. Older adults. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(Suppl 1):S99–S104.CrossRef American Diabetes Association. 11. Older adults. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(Suppl 1):S99–S104.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Care of Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus, Moreno G, Mangione CM, Kimbro L, Vaisberg E. Guidelines abstracted from the American Geriatrics Society Guidelines for improving the care of older adults with diabetes mellitus: 2013 update. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(11):2020–6.CrossRef American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Care of Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus, Moreno G, Mangione CM, Kimbro L, Vaisberg E. Guidelines abstracted from the American Geriatrics Society Guidelines for improving the care of older adults with diabetes mellitus: 2013 update. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(11):2020–6.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Handelsman Y, Bloomgarden ZT, Grunberger G, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology—clinical practice guidelines for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan—2015. Endocr Pract. 2015;21(Suppl 1):1–87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Handelsman Y, Bloomgarden ZT, Grunberger G, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology—clinical practice guidelines for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan—2015. Endocr Pract. 2015;21(Suppl 1):1–87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):140–9.PubMedCrossRef Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):140–9.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Carpena-Ruiz M, Montero-Errasquin B, Sanchez-Castellano C, Sanchez-Garcia E. Exclusion of older adults from ongoing clinical trials about type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(5):734–8.PubMedCrossRef Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Carpena-Ruiz M, Montero-Errasquin B, Sanchez-Castellano C, Sanchez-Garcia E. Exclusion of older adults from ongoing clinical trials about type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(5):734–8.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Muller N, Khunti K, Kuss O, et al. Is there evidence of potential overtreatment of glycaemia in elderly people with type 2 diabetes? Data from the GUIDANCE study. Acta Diabetol. 2016;54(2):209–14.PubMedCrossRef Muller N, Khunti K, Kuss O, et al. Is there evidence of potential overtreatment of glycaemia in elderly people with type 2 diabetes? Data from the GUIDANCE study. Acta Diabetol. 2016;54(2):209–14.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Twito O, Ahron E, Jaffe A, et al. New-onset diabetes in elderly subjects: association between HbA1c levels, mortality, and coronary revascularization. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3425–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Twito O, Ahron E, Jaffe A, et al. New-onset diabetes in elderly subjects: association between HbA1c levels, mortality, and coronary revascularization. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3425–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Palta P, Huang ES, Kalyani RR, Golden SH, Yeh HC. Hemoglobin A1c and mortality in older adults with and without diabetes: results from the national health and nutrition examination surveys (1988–2011). Diabetes Care. 2017;40(4):453–60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Palta P, Huang ES, Kalyani RR, Golden SH, Yeh HC. Hemoglobin A1c and mortality in older adults with and without diabetes: results from the national health and nutrition examination surveys (1988–2011). Diabetes Care. 2017;40(4):453–60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang ES, Liu JY, Moffet HH, John PM, Karter AJ. Glycemic control, complications, and death in older diabetic patients: the diabetes and aging study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(6):1329–36.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Huang ES, Liu JY, Moffet HH, John PM, Karter AJ. Glycemic control, complications, and death in older diabetic patients: the diabetes and aging study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(6):1329–36.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–53. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–53.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1577–89.CrossRefPubMed Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1577–89.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(2):129–39.PubMedCrossRef Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(2):129–39.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2560–72.CrossRef ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2560–72.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayward RA, Reaven PD, Wiitala WL, et al. Follow-up of glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2197–206.PubMedCrossRef Hayward RA, Reaven PD, Wiitala WL, et al. Follow-up of glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2197–206.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Zoungas S, Chalmers J, Neal B, et al. Follow-up of blood-pressure lowering and glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(15):1392–406.PubMedCrossRef Zoungas S, Chalmers J, Neal B, et al. Follow-up of blood-pressure lowering and glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(15):1392–406.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545–59.CrossRef Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545–59.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller ME, Williamson JD, Gerstein HC, et al. Effects of randomization to intensive glucose control on adverse events, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in older versus younger adults in the ACCORD trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):634–43.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Miller ME, Williamson JD, Gerstein HC, et al. Effects of randomization to intensive glucose control on adverse events, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in older versus younger adults in the ACCORD trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):634–43.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR, et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1327–35.PubMedCrossRef White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR, et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1327–35.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1317–26.PubMedCrossRef Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1317–26.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, et al. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(3):232–42.PubMedCrossRef Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, et al. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(3):232–42.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Bethel MA, Engel SS, Green JB, et al. Assessing the safety of sitagliptin in older participants in the trial evaluating cardiovascular outcomes with sitagliptin (TECOS). Diabetes Care. 2017;40(4):494–501. This recent study stratified rates of cardiovascular outcomes associated with sitagliptin by age, specifically focusing on adults ≥65 versus those younger. Though a neutral effect was observed, it highlights the importance of exploring cardiovascular outcomes of medications in older adults, who are often excluded from randomized medication trials. PubMedCrossRef •• Bethel MA, Engel SS, Green JB, et al. Assessing the safety of sitagliptin in older participants in the trial evaluating cardiovascular outcomes with sitagliptin (TECOS). Diabetes Care. 2017;40(4):494–501. This recent study stratified rates of cardiovascular outcomes associated with sitagliptin by age, specifically focusing on adults ≥65 versus those younger. Though a neutral effect was observed, it highlights the importance of exploring cardiovascular outcomes of medications in older adults, who are often excluded from randomized medication trials. PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, et al. Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2247–57.CrossRefPubMed Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, et al. Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2247–57.CrossRefPubMed
25.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834–44.CrossRefPubMed Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834–44.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–28. This randomized trial showed reduction in composite cardiovascular endpoints in the overall group and in a subgroup of older adults. It highlights how further trials should study differential effects in older adults. CrossRefPubMed •• Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–28. This randomized trial showed reduction in composite cardiovascular endpoints in the overall group and in a subgroup of older adults. It highlights how further trials should study differential effects in older adults. CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat ORIGIN Trial Investigators, Gerstein HC, Bosch J, et al. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(4):319–28.CrossRef ORIGIN Trial Investigators, Gerstein HC, Bosch J, et al. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(4):319–28.CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Monami M, Genovese S, Mannucci E. Cardiovascular safety of sulfonylureas: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(10):938–53.CrossRefPubMed Monami M, Genovese S, Mannucci E. Cardiovascular safety of sulfonylureas: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(10):938–53.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Varvaki Rados D, Catani Pinto L, Reck Remonti L, Bauermann Leitao C, Gross JL. The association between sulfonylurea use and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS Med. 2016;13(4):e1001992.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Varvaki Rados D, Catani Pinto L, Reck Remonti L, Bauermann Leitao C, Gross JL. The association between sulfonylurea use and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS Med. 2016;13(4):e1001992.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Lipscombe LL, Gomes T, Levesque LE, Hux JE, Juurlink DN, Alter DA. Thiazolidinediones and cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with diabetes. JAMA. 2007;298(22):2634–43.PubMedCrossRef Lipscombe LL, Gomes T, Levesque LE, Hux JE, Juurlink DN, Alter DA. Thiazolidinediones and cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with diabetes. JAMA. 2007;298(22):2634–43.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(24):2457–71.PubMedCrossRef Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(24):2457–71.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Graham DJ, Ouellet-Hellstrom R, MaCurdy TE, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and death in elderly medicare patients treated with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone. JAMA. 2010;304(4):411–8.PubMedCrossRef Graham DJ, Ouellet-Hellstrom R, MaCurdy TE, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and death in elderly medicare patients treated with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone. JAMA. 2010;304(4):411–8.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahaffey KW, Hafley G, Dickerson S, et al. Results of a reevaluation of cardiovascular outcomes in the RECORD trial. Am Heart J. 2013;166(2):240–249.e1.PubMedCrossRef Mahaffey KW, Hafley G, Dickerson S, et al. Results of a reevaluation of cardiovascular outcomes in the RECORD trial. Am Heart J. 2013;166(2):240–249.e1.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Hong J, Zhang Y, Lai S, et al. Effects of metformin versus glipizide on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(5):1304–11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hong J, Zhang Y, Lai S, et al. Effects of metformin versus glipizide on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(5):1304–11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Holman RR, Bethel MA, Chan JC, et al. Rationale for and design of the Acarbose Cardiovascular Evaluation (ACE) trial. Am Heart J. 2014;168(1):23–9.e2.PubMedCrossRef Holman RR, Bethel MA, Chan JC, et al. Rationale for and design of the Acarbose Cardiovascular Evaluation (ACE) trial. Am Heart J. 2014;168(1):23–9.e2.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Herrmann K, Zhou M, Wang A, de Bruin T. Cardiovascular safety assessment of pramlintide in type 2 diabetes: results from a pooled analysis of five clinical trials. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;2(12):1–8. Herrmann K, Zhou M, Wang A, de Bruin T. Cardiovascular safety assessment of pramlintide in type 2 diabetes: results from a pooled analysis of five clinical trials. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;2(12):1–8.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, et al. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(23):2427–43.PubMedCrossRef Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, et al. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(23):2427–43.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Bennett WL, Maruthur NM, Singh S, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(9):602–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bennett WL, Maruthur NM, Singh S, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(9):602–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, et al. Diabetes medications as monotherapy or metformin-based combination therapy for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(11):740–51.PubMedCrossRef Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, et al. Diabetes medications as monotherapy or metformin-based combination therapy for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(11):740–51.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Boussageon R, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, et al. Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d4169.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Boussageon R, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, et al. Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d4169.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Hemmingsen B, Lund SS, Gluud C, et al. Intensive glycaemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d6898.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hemmingsen B, Lund SS, Gluud C, et al. Intensive glycaemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d6898.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Ismail-Beigi F, Craven T, Banerji MA, et al. Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9739):419–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ismail-Beigi F, Craven T, Banerji MA, et al. Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9739):419–30.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat ACCORD Study Group, ACCORD Eye Study Group, Chew EY, et al. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(3):233–44.CrossRef ACCORD Study Group, ACCORD Eye Study Group, Chew EY, et al. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(3):233–44.CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Carlson C, Merel SE, Yukawa M. Geriatric syndromes and geriatric assessment for the generalist. Med Clin North Am. 2015;99(2):263–79.PubMedCrossRef Carlson C, Merel SE, Yukawa M. Geriatric syndromes and geriatric assessment for the generalist. Med Clin North Am. 2015;99(2):263–79.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuchel GA. Aging and homeostatic regulation. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana S, editors. Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2009. Kuchel GA. Aging and homeostatic regulation. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana S, editors. Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2009.
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Inouye SK, Studenski S, Tinetti ME, Kuchel GA. Geriatric syndromes: clinical, research, and policy implications of a core geriatric concept. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(5):780–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Inouye SK, Studenski S, Tinetti ME, Kuchel GA. Geriatric syndromes: clinical, research, and policy implications of a core geriatric concept. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(5):780–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergman H, Ferrucci L, Guralnik J, et al. Frailty: an emerging research and clinical paradigm—issues and controversies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(7):731–7.PubMedCrossRef Bergman H, Ferrucci L, Guralnik J, et al. Frailty: an emerging research and clinical paradigm—issues and controversies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(7):731–7.PubMedCrossRef
55.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Bytzer P, Talley NJ, Leemon M, Young LJ, Jones MP, Horowitz M. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus: a population-based survey of 15,000 adults. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(16):1989–96.PubMedCrossRef Bytzer P, Talley NJ, Leemon M, Young LJ, Jones MP, Horowitz M. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus: a population-based survey of 15,000 adults. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(16):1989–96.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang T, Lu J, Wang W, et al. Sleep duration and snoring associate with hypertension and glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2015;32(8):1001–7.PubMedCrossRef Wang T, Lu J, Wang W, et al. Sleep duration and snoring associate with hypertension and glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2015;32(8):1001–7.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee SJ, Karter AJ, Thai JN, Van Den Eeden SK, Huang ES. Glycemic control and urinary incontinence in women with diabetes mellitus. J Women's Health (Larchmt). 2013;22(12):1049–55.CrossRef Lee SJ, Karter AJ, Thai JN, Van Den Eeden SK, Huang ES. Glycemic control and urinary incontinence in women with diabetes mellitus. J Women's Health (Larchmt). 2013;22(12):1049–55.CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Qato DM, Wilder J, Schumm LP, Gillet V, Alexander GC. Changes in prescription and over-the-counter medication and dietary supplement use among older adults in the United States, 2005 vs 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(4):473–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Qato DM, Wilder J, Schumm LP, Gillet V, Alexander GC. Changes in prescription and over-the-counter medication and dietary supplement use among older adults in the United States, 2005 vs 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(4):473–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Charlesworth CJ, Smit E, Lee DS, Alramadhan F, Odden MC. Polypharmacy among adults aged 65 years and older in the United States: 1988–2010. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(8):989–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Charlesworth CJ, Smit E, Lee DS, Alramadhan F, Odden MC. Polypharmacy among adults aged 65 years and older in the United States: 1988–2010. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(8):989–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Noale M, Veronese N, Cavallo Perin P, et al. Polypharmacy in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes receiving oral antidiabetic treatment. Acta Diabetol. 2016;53(2):323–30.PubMedCrossRef Noale M, Veronese N, Cavallo Perin P, et al. Polypharmacy in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes receiving oral antidiabetic treatment. Acta Diabetol. 2016;53(2):323–30.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Gao Y, Xiao Y, Miao R, et al. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment with type 2 diabetes mellitus among elderly people in china: a cross-sectional study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;62:138–42.PubMedCrossRef Gao Y, Xiao Y, Miao R, et al. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment with type 2 diabetes mellitus among elderly people in china: a cross-sectional study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;62:138–42.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat West RK, Ravona-Springer R, Schmeidler J, et al. The association of duration of type 2 diabetes with cognitive performance is modulated by long-term glycemic control. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(10):1055–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef West RK, Ravona-Springer R, Schmeidler J, et al. The association of duration of type 2 diabetes with cognitive performance is modulated by long-term glycemic control. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(10):1055–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Ravona-Springer R, Heymann A, Schmeidler J, et al. Trajectories in glycemic control over time are associated with cognitive performance in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e97384.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ravona-Springer R, Heymann A, Schmeidler J, et al. Trajectories in glycemic control over time are associated with cognitive performance in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e97384.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirabayashi N, Hata J, Ohara T, et al. Association between diabetes and hippocampal atrophy in elderly Japanese: the Hisayama study. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(9):1543–9.PubMedCrossRef Hirabayashi N, Hata J, Ohara T, et al. Association between diabetes and hippocampal atrophy in elderly Japanese: the Hisayama study. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(9):1543–9.PubMedCrossRef
66.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Launer LJ, Miller ME, Williamson JD, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering on brain structure and function in people with type 2 diabetes (ACCORD MIND): a randomised open-label substudy. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(11):969–77.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Launer LJ, Miller ME, Williamson JD, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering on brain structure and function in people with type 2 diabetes (ACCORD MIND): a randomised open-label substudy. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(11):969–77.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Yaffe K, Falvey CM, Hamilton N, et al. Association between hypoglycemia and dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults with diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(14):1300–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yaffe K, Falvey CM, Hamilton N, et al. Association between hypoglycemia and dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults with diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(14):1300–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Chin SO, Rhee SY, Chon S, et al. Hypoglycemia is associated with dementia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analysis based on the Korea National Diabetes Program Cohort. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;122:54–61.PubMedCrossRef Chin SO, Rhee SY, Chon S, et al. Hypoglycemia is associated with dementia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analysis based on the Korea National Diabetes Program Cohort. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;122:54–61.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Thorpe CT, Gellad WF, Good CB, et al. Tight glycemic control and use of hypoglycemic medications in older veterans with type 2 diabetes and comorbid dementia. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(4):588–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Thorpe CT, Gellad WF, Good CB, et al. Tight glycemic control and use of hypoglycemic medications in older veterans with type 2 diabetes and comorbid dementia. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(4):588–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Prinz N, Stingl J, Dapp A, et al. High rate of hypoglycemia in 6770 type 2 diabetes patients with comorbid dementia: a multicenter cohort study on 215,932 patients from the German/Austrian Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;112:73–81.PubMedCrossRef Prinz N, Stingl J, Dapp A, et al. High rate of hypoglycemia in 6770 type 2 diabetes patients with comorbid dementia: a multicenter cohort study on 215,932 patients from the German/Austrian Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;112:73–81.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Punthakee Z, Miller ME, Launer LJ, et al. Poor cognitive function and risk of severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes: post hoc epidemiologic analysis of the ACCORD trial. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(4):787–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Punthakee Z, Miller ME, Launer LJ, et al. Poor cognitive function and risk of severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes: post hoc epidemiologic analysis of the ACCORD trial. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(4):787–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalyani RR, Egan JM. Diabetes and altered glucose metabolism with aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2013;42(2):333–47.CrossRef Kalyani RR, Egan JM. Diabetes and altered glucose metabolism with aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2013;42(2):333–47.CrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuller-Thomson E, Yu B, Nuru-Jeter A, Guralnik JM, Minkler M. Basic ADL disability and functional limitation rates among older AMERICANS from 2000–2005: the end of the decline? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(12):1333–6.PubMedCrossRef Fuller-Thomson E, Yu B, Nuru-Jeter A, Guralnik JM, Minkler M. Basic ADL disability and functional limitation rates among older AMERICANS from 2000–2005: the end of the decline? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(12):1333–6.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin SF, Beck AN, Finch BK, Hummer RA, Masters RK. Trends in US older adult disability: exploring age, period, and cohort effects. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(11):2157–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lin SF, Beck AN, Finch BK, Hummer RA, Masters RK. Trends in US older adult disability: exploring age, period, and cohort effects. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(11):2157–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(4):M221–31.CrossRefPubMed Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(4):M221–31.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Vestergaard S, Patel KV, Walkup MP, et al. Stopping to rest during a 400-meter walk and incident mobility disability in older persons with functional limitations. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(2):260–5.PubMedCrossRef Vestergaard S, Patel KV, Walkup MP, et al. Stopping to rest during a 400-meter walk and incident mobility disability in older persons with functional limitations. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(2):260–5.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Godino JG, Appel LJ, Gross AL, et al. Diabetes, hyperglycemia, and the burden of functional disability among older adults in a community-based study. J Diabetes. 2017;9(1):76–84.PubMedCrossRef Godino JG, Appel LJ, Gross AL, et al. Diabetes, hyperglycemia, and the burden of functional disability among older adults in a community-based study. J Diabetes. 2017;9(1):76–84.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalyani RR, Tian J, Xue QL, et al. Hyperglycemia and incidence of frailty and lower extremity mobility limitations in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(9):1701–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kalyani RR, Tian J, Xue QL, et al. Hyperglycemia and incidence of frailty and lower extremity mobility limitations in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(9):1701–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalyani RR, Tra Y, Egan JM, Ferrucci L, Brancati F. Hyperglycemia is associated with relatively lower lean body mass in older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(8):737–43.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kalyani RR, Tra Y, Egan JM, Ferrucci L, Brancati F. Hyperglycemia is associated with relatively lower lean body mass in older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(8):737–43.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Bandeen-Roche K, Seplaki CL, Huang J, et al. Frailty in older adults: a nationally representative profile in the United States. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(11):1427–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bandeen-Roche K, Seplaki CL, Huang J, et al. Frailty in older adults: a nationally representative profile in the United States. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(11):1427–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalyani RR, Saudek CD, Brancati FL, Selvin E. Association of diabetes, comorbidities, and A1C with functional disability in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (NHANES), 1999–2006. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(5):1055–60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kalyani RR, Saudek CD, Brancati FL, Selvin E. Association of diabetes, comorbidities, and A1C with functional disability in older adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (NHANES), 1999–2006. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(5):1055–60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Yau CK, Eng C, Cenzer IS, Boscardin WJ, Rice-Trumble K, Lee SJ. Glycosylated hemoglobin and functional decline in community-dwelling nursing home-eligible elderly adults with diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(7):1215–21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yau CK, Eng C, Cenzer IS, Boscardin WJ, Rice-Trumble K, Lee SJ. Glycosylated hemoglobin and functional decline in community-dwelling nursing home-eligible elderly adults with diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(7):1215–21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Abbatecola AM, Bo M, Armellini F, et al. Tighter glycemic control is associated with ADL physical dependency losses in older patients using sulfonylureas or mitiglinides: results from the DIMORA study. Metabolism. 2015;64(11):1500–6.PubMedCrossRef Abbatecola AM, Bo M, Armellini F, et al. Tighter glycemic control is associated with ADL physical dependency losses in older patients using sulfonylureas or mitiglinides: results from the DIMORA study. Metabolism. 2015;64(11):1500–6.PubMedCrossRef
85.
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Florez H, Pan Q, Ackermann RT, et al. Impact of lifestyle intervention and metformin on health-related quality of life: the diabetes prevention program randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(12):1594–601.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Florez H, Pan Q, Ackermann RT, et al. Impact of lifestyle intervention and metformin on health-related quality of life: the diabetes prevention program randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(12):1594–601.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin FC. Falls risk factors: assessment and management to prevent falls and fractures. Can J Aging. 2011;30(1):33–44.PubMedCrossRef Martin FC. Falls risk factors: assessment and management to prevent falls and fractures. Can J Aging. 2011;30(1):33–44.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Sleet DA, Moffett DB, Stevens J. CDC’s research portfolio in older adult fall prevention: a review of progress, 1985–2005, and future research directions. J Saf Res. 2008;39(3):259–67.CrossRef Sleet DA, Moffett DB, Stevens J. CDC’s research portfolio in older adult fall prevention: a review of progress, 1985–2005, and future research directions. J Saf Res. 2008;39(3):259–67.CrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD007146. doi(9):CD007146. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD007146. doi(9):CD007146.
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Nelson JM, Dufraux K, Cook PF. The relationship between glycemic control and falls in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(12):2041–4.PubMedCrossRef Nelson JM, Dufraux K, Cook PF. The relationship between glycemic control and falls in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(12):2041–4.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis KL, Wei W, Meyers JL, Kilpatrick BS, Pandya N. Association between different hemoglobin A1c levels and clinical outcomes among elderly nursing home residents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(10):757–62.PubMedCrossRef Davis KL, Wei W, Meyers JL, Kilpatrick BS, Pandya N. Association between different hemoglobin A1c levels and clinical outcomes among elderly nursing home residents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(10):757–62.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiba Y, Kimbara Y, Kodera R, et al. Risk factors associated with falls in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complicat. 2015;29(7):898–902.CrossRef Chiba Y, Kimbara Y, Kodera R, et al. Risk factors associated with falls in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complicat. 2015;29(7):898–902.CrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu TY, Chie WC, Yang RS, et al. Factors associated with falls among community-dwelling older people in Taiwan. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2013;42(7):320–7.PubMed Wu TY, Chie WC, Yang RS, et al. Factors associated with falls among community-dwelling older people in Taiwan. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2013;42(7):320–7.PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartz AV, Margolis KL, Sellmeyer DE, et al. Intensive glycemic control is not associated with fractures or falls in the ACCORD randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(7):1525–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schwartz AV, Margolis KL, Sellmeyer DE, et al. Intensive glycemic control is not associated with fractures or falls in the ACCORD randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(7):1525–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Ambrose AF, Cruz L, Paul G. Falls and fractures: a systematic approach to screening and prevention. Maturitas. 2015;82(1):85–93.PubMedCrossRef Ambrose AF, Cruz L, Paul G. Falls and fractures: a systematic approach to screening and prevention. Maturitas. 2015;82(1):85–93.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Panula J, Pihlajamaki H, Mattila VM, et al. Mortality and cause of death in hip fracture patients aged 65 or older: a population-based study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:105. -2474-12-105 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Panula J, Pihlajamaki H, Mattila VM, et al. Mortality and cause of death in hip fracture patients aged 65 or older: a population-based study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:105. -2474-12-105 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Conway BN, Long DM, Figaro MK, May ME. Glycemic control and fracture risk in elderly patients with diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;115:47–53.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Conway BN, Long DM, Figaro MK, May ME. Glycemic control and fracture risk in elderly patients with diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;115:47–53.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Li CI, Liu CS, Lin WY, et al. Glycated hemoglobin level and risk of hip fracture in older people with type 2 diabetes: a competing risk analysis of Taiwan Diabetes Cohort Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(7):1338–46.PubMedCrossRef Li CI, Liu CS, Lin WY, et al. Glycated hemoglobin level and risk of hip fracture in older people with type 2 diabetes: a competing risk analysis of Taiwan Diabetes Cohort Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(7):1338–46.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Puar TH, Khoo JJ, Cho LW, et al. Association between glycemic control and hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(8):1493–7.PubMedCrossRef Puar TH, Khoo JJ, Cho LW, et al. Association between glycemic control and hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(8):1493–7.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Oei L, Zillikens MC, Dehghan A, et al. High bone mineral density and fracture risk in type 2 diabetes as skeletal complications of inadequate glucose control: the Rotterdam Study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(6):1619–28.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Oei L, Zillikens MC, Dehghan A, et al. High bone mineral density and fracture risk in type 2 diabetes as skeletal complications of inadequate glucose control: the Rotterdam Study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(6):1619–28.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnston SS, Conner C, Aagren M, Ruiz K, Bouchard J. Association between hypoglycaemic events and fall-related fractures in Medicare-covered patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(7):634–43.PubMedCrossRef Johnston SS, Conner C, Aagren M, Ruiz K, Bouchard J. Association between hypoglycaemic events and fall-related fractures in Medicare-covered patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14(7):634–43.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi J, Ahn A, Kim S, Won CW. Global prevalence of physical frailty by Fried’s criteria in community-dwelling elderly with national population-based surveys. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(7):548–50.PubMedCrossRef Choi J, Ahn A, Kim S, Won CW. Global prevalence of physical frailty by Fried’s criteria in community-dwelling elderly with national population-based surveys. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(7):548–50.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Buta BJ, Walston JD, Godino JG, et al. Frailty assessment instruments: systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of highly-cited instruments. Ageing Res Rev. 2016;26:53–61.PubMedCrossRef Buta BJ, Walston JD, Godino JG, et al. Frailty assessment instruments: systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of highly-cited instruments. Ageing Res Rev. 2016;26:53–61.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–56.CrossRefPubMed Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–56.CrossRefPubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Bandeen-Roche K, Xue QL, Ferrucci L, et al. Phenotype of frailty: characterization in the women’s health and aging studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(3):262–6.CrossRefPubMed Bandeen-Roche K, Xue QL, Ferrucci L, et al. Phenotype of frailty: characterization in the women’s health and aging studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(3):262–6.CrossRefPubMed
109.
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia-Esquinas E, Graciani A, Guallar-Castillon P, Lopez-Garcia E, Rodriguez-Manas L, Rodriguez-Artalejo F. Diabetes and risk of frailty and its potential mechanisms: a prospective cohort study of older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(9):748–54.PubMedCrossRef Garcia-Esquinas E, Graciani A, Guallar-Castillon P, Lopez-Garcia E, Rodriguez-Manas L, Rodriguez-Artalejo F. Diabetes and risk of frailty and its potential mechanisms: a prospective cohort study of older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(9):748–54.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang ES, Laiteerapong N, Liu JY, John PM, Moffet HH, Karter AJ. Rates of complications and mortality in older patients with diabetes mellitus: the diabetes and aging study. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(2):251–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Huang ES, Laiteerapong N, Liu JY, John PM, Moffet HH, Karter AJ. Rates of complications and mortality in older patients with diabetes mellitus: the diabetes and aging study. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(2):251–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Fu H, Xie W, Curtis B, Schuster D. Identifying factors associated with hypoglycemia-related hospitalizations among elderly patients with T2DM in the US: a novel approach using influential variable analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30(9):1787–93.PubMedCrossRef Fu H, Xie W, Curtis B, Schuster D. Identifying factors associated with hypoglycemia-related hospitalizations among elderly patients with T2DM in the US: a novel approach using influential variable analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30(9):1787–93.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Predictors of nonsevere and severe hypoglycemia during glucose-lowering treatment with insulin glargine or standard drugs in the ORIGIN trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):22–8.CrossRef ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Predictors of nonsevere and severe hypoglycemia during glucose-lowering treatment with insulin glargine or standard drugs in the ORIGIN trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):22–8.CrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Lipska KJ, Ross JS, Wang Y, et al. National trends in US hospital admissions for hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia among Medicare beneficiaries, 1999 to 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(7):1116–24. This review of current practice shows how many older adults still glycemic targets lower than recommended by most societies for older patients. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef •• Lipska KJ, Ross JS, Wang Y, et al. National trends in US hospital admissions for hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia among Medicare beneficiaries, 1999 to 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(7):1116–24. This review of current practice shows how many older adults still glycemic targets lower than recommended by most societies for older patients. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang CC, Weng SF, Tsai KT, et al. Long-term mortality risk after hyperglycemic crisis episodes in geriatric patients with diabetes: a national population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(5):746–51.PubMedCrossRef Huang CC, Weng SF, Tsai KT, et al. Long-term mortality risk after hyperglycemic crisis episodes in geriatric patients with diabetes: a national population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(5):746–51.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Hsu A, Gan S, Cenzer-Stijacic I, Lee SJ. Glycemic control and functional decline in nursing home residents with diabetes. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(1):130–2.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hsu A, Gan S, Cenzer-Stijacic I, Lee SJ. Glycemic control and functional decline in nursing home residents with diabetes. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(1):130–2.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Comparative Effectiveness for Glycemic Control in Older Adults with Diabetes
verfasst von
Michael Quartuccio
Brian Buta
Rita Rastogi Kalyani
Publikationsdatum
28.07.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Geriatrics Reports / Ausgabe 3/2017
Elektronische ISSN: 2196-7865
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-017-0215-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2017

Current Geriatrics Reports 3/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Surgical Care for the Geriatric Patient (F Luchette and R Gonzalez, Section Editors)

Anesthesia Considerations for the Geriatric Patient

Surgical Care for the Geriatric Patient (F Luchette and R Gonzalez, Section Editors)

Breast Cancer Care in the Elderly Patient

Surgical Care for the Geriatric Patient (F Luchette and R Gonzalez, Section Editors)

Thoracic Surgery in Older Patients

Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation (O Addison, Section Editor)

The Use of Peer-Led Community-Based Programs to Promote Healthy Aging

Nutrition, Obesity, and Diabetes (H Florez, Section Editor)

Reduction of Cognitive Decline in Patients with or at High Risk for Diabetes

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.