nach oben

Drug Safety

Erschienen in:

01.11.2014 | Review Article

Pharmacotherapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Update on Drug–Drug Interactions

verfasst von: Muhammad Amin, Naeti Suksomboon

Erschienen in: Drug Safety | Ausgabe 11/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing rapidly, as are the associated co-morbidities. Consequently, it has become necessary for a diabetic patient to take multiple medications at the same time to delay progression of the disease. This can put patients at an increased risk of moderate to severe drug interactions, which may threaten patients’ life or may deteriorate the quality of their life. Hence, managing drug–drug interactions is the cornerstone of anti-diabetic therapy. Most of the clinically important drug–drug interactions of anti-diabetic agents are related to their metabolic pathways, but drugs that compete for renal excretion or impair renal status can also play an important role. In this review, we have examined the clinical implications and underlying mechanisms of drugs that are likely to alter the pharmacologic response of or cause adverse events with antidiabetic drugs, and we have outlined safe and efficacious treatment modalities.

Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94(3):311–21.PubMed

Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(6):580–91.PubMed

Caughey GE, Roughead EE, Vitry AI, McDermott RA, Shakib S, Gilbert AL. Comorbidity in the elderly with diabetes: identification of areas of potential treatment conflicts. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87(3):385–93.PubMed

Rowland M, Tozer T, editors. Clinical pharmacokinetics: concepts and applications. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD.: Williams & Wilkins; 1995.

Standards of medical care in diabetes: 2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36 Suppl 1:S11–S66.

Phielix E, Szendroedi J, Roden M. The role of metformin and thiazolidinediones in the regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism and its clinical impact. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2011;32(10):607–16.PubMed

Pentikainen PJ, Neuvonen PJ, Penttila A. Pharmacokinetics of metformin after intravenous and oral administration to man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1979;16(3):195–202.PubMed

Graham GG, Punt J, Arora M, Day RO, Doogue MP, Duong JK, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011;50(2):81–98.PubMed

Sulkin TV, Bosman D, Krentz AJ. Contraindications to metformin therapy in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(6):925–8.PubMed

10.

Bodmer M, Meier C, Krahenbuhl S, Jick SS, Meier CR. Metformin, sulfonylureas, or other antidiabetes drugs and the risk of lactic acidosis or hypoglycemia: a nested case-control analysis. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(11):2086–91.PubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Masharani U. Diabetes mellitus & hypoglycemia. In: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, editors. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, Chap 27. 49th ed. New york: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2009.

12.

Lalau JD, Race JM. Lactic acidosis in metformin-treated patients: prognostic value of arterial lactate levels and plasma metformin concentrations. Drug Saf. 1999;20(4):377–84.PubMed

13.

Tomkin GH. Malabsorption of vitamin B12 in diabetic patients treated with phenformin: a comparison with metformin. Br Med J. 1973;3(5882):673–5.PubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Bell DS. Metformin-induced vitamin B12 deficiency presenting as a peripheral neuropathy. Southern Med J. 2010;103(3):265–7.PubMed

15.

Bauman WA, Shaw S, Jayatilleke E, Spungen AM, Herbert V. Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1227–31.PubMed

16.

Somogyi A, Stockley C, Keal J, Rolan P, Bochner F. Reduction of metformin renal tubular secretion by cimetidine in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;23(5):545–51.PubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Baxter K, editor. Stockley’s drug interactions. 9th ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2010.

18.

Dawson D, Conlon C. Case study: metformin-associated lactic acidosis: could orlistat be relevant? Diabetes Care. 2003;26(8):2471–2.PubMed

19.

BMS. Glucophage (metformin hydrochloride). Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. US prescribing information. 2009.

20.

Jayasagar G, Krishna Kumar M, Chandrasekhar K, Madhusudan Rao C, Madhusudan Rao Y. Effect of cephalexin on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in healthy human volunteers. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2002;19(1):41–8.PubMed

21.

Kusuhara H, Ito S, Kumagai Y, Jiang M, Shiroshita T, Moriyama Y, et al. Effects of a MATE protein inhibitor, pyrimethamine, on the renal elimination of metformin at oral microdose and at therapeutic dose in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89(6):837–44.PubMed

22.

Marathe PH, Wen Y, Norton J, Greene DS, Barbhaiya RH, Wilding IR. Effect of altered gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility on metformin absorption. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;50(4):325–32.PubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Dachman AH. New contraindication to intravascular iodinated contrast material. Radiology. 1995;197(2):545.PubMed

24.

McCartney MM, Gilbert FJ, Murchison LE, Pearson D, McHardy K, Murray AD. Metformin and contrast media: a dangerous combination? Clin Radiol. 1999;54(1):29–33.PubMed

25.

Harrower AD. Comparative tolerability of sulphonylureas in diabetes mellitus. Drug Saf. 2000;22(4):313–20.PubMed

26.

Holstein A, Beil W. Oral antidiabetic drug metabolism: pharmacogenomics and drug interactions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2009;5(3):225–41.PubMed

27.

Kirchheiner J, Roots I, Goldammer M, Rosenkranz B, Brockmoller J. Effect of genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome p450 (CYP) 2C9 and CYP2C8 on the pharmacokinetics of oral antidiabetic drugs: clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(12):1209–25.PubMed

28.

Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana S, Visweswaram D. Interaction between tolbutamide and ketoconazole in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;37:205–207

29.

Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT. Effects of fluconazole and fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glimepiride. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69(4):194–200.PubMed

30.

Loupi E, Descotes J, Lery N, Evreux JC. [Drug interactions involving miconazole]. Therapie. 1982;37(4):437–441.

31.

Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT. Effect of gemfibrozil on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glimepiride. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;70(5):439–45.PubMed

32.

Kubacka RT, Antal EJ, Juhl RP, Welshman IR. Effects of aspirin and ibuprofen on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide in healthy subjects. Ann Pharmacother. 1996;30(1):20–6.PubMed

33.

Bussing R, Gende A. Severe hypoglycemia from clarithromycin-sulfonylurea drug interaction. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(9):1659–61.PubMed

34.

Rave K, Flesch S, Kuhn-Velten WN, Hompesch BC, Heinemann L, Heise T. Enhancement of blood glucose lowering effect of a sulfonylurea when coadministered with an ACE inhibitor: results of a glucose-clamp study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2005;21(5):459–64.PubMed

35.

Barnett AH, Gonzalez-Auvert C, Pyke DA, Saunders JB, Williams R, Dickenson CJ, et al. Blood concentrations of acetaldehyde during chlorpropamide-alcohol flush. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;283(6297):939–41.

36.

Kelesidis T, Canseco E. Levofloxacin-induced hypoglycemia: a rare but life-threatening side effect of a widely used antibiotic. Am J Med. 2009;122(3):e3–4.PubMed

37.

Kelesidis T, Canseco E. Quinolone-induced hypoglycemia: a life-threatening but potentially reversible side effect. Am J Med. 2010;123(2):e5–6.PubMed

38.

Feely J, Collins WC, Cullen M, el Debani AH, MacWalter RS, Peden NR, et al. Potentiation of the hypoglycaemic response to glipizide in diabetic patients by histamine H2-receptor antagonists. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;35(3):321–3.PubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. Enhancement of absorption and effect of glipizide by magnesium hydroxide. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1991;49(1):39–43.PubMed

40.

Mahfouz M, Abdel-Maguid R, Dakhakhny M. Potentiation of the hypoglycaemic action of tolbutamide by different drugs. Arzneimittelforschung. 1970;20:120–122.

41.

Field JB, Ohta M, Boyle C, Remer A. Potentiation of acetohexamide hypoglycemia by phenylbutazone. N Engl J Med. 1967;277(17):889–94.PubMed

42.

Waller DG, Waller D. Hypoglycemia due to azapropazone-tolbutamide interaction. Br J Rheumatol. 1984;23:24–25.

43.

Goldshield. Rheumox (azapropazone dihydrate). Goldshield Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. Summary of products characteristics. 2000.

44.

Wing HMO. Cotrimoxazole as an inhibitor of oxidative drug metabolism: effects of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole separately and combined on tolbutamide disposition. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;20:482–5.PubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Tucker HS Jr. Hirsch JI. Sulfonamide-sulfonylurea interaction. N Engl J Med. 1972;286(2):110–1.

46.

Christensen LK, Skovsted L. Inhibition of drug metabolism by chloramphenicol. Lancet. 1969;2(7635):1397–9.PubMed

47.

McKillop GFM, Slater SD. Possible interaction between heparin and a sulphonylurea a cause of prolonged hypoglycaemia? BMJ. 1986;296:1073.

48.

Hermansen K, Kipnes M, Luo E, Fanurik D, Khatami H, Stein P. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9(5):733–45.PubMed

49.

Kendall DMRM, Rosenstock J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1083–91.PubMed

50.

Zheng HX, Huang Y, Frassetto LA, Benet LZ. Elucidating rifampin’s inducing and inhibiting effects on glyburide pharmacokinetics and blood glucose in healthy volunteers: unmasking the differential effects of enzyme induction and transporter inhibition for a drug and its primary metabolite. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85(1):78–85.PubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ. The effect of cholestyramine and activated charcoal on glipizide absorption. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;30(5):733–6.PubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Genzyme. Cholestagel (cholesevelam hydrochloride). Genzyme Therapeutics. UK summary of product characteristics. 2009.

53.

Zaman R, Kendall MJ, Biggs PI. The effect of acebutolol and propranolol on the hypoglycaemic action of glibenclamide. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;13(4):507–12.PubMedPubMedCentral

54.

FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Dockets Management. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/021290s012lbl.pdf. 2009. Accessed 25 July 2013.

55.

Zanchi A, Chiolero A, Maillard M, Nussberger J, Brunner HR, Burnier M. Effects of the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist pioglitazone on renal and hormonal responses to salt in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(3):1140–5.PubMed

56.

Hanefeld M. Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of pioglitazone. Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2001;121:19–25.PubMed

57.

Cox PJ, Ryan DA, Hollis FJ, Harris AM, Miller AK, Vousden M, et al. Absorption, disposition, and metabolism of rosiglitazone, a potent thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer, in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000;28(7):772–80.PubMed

58.

Park JY, Kim KA, Shin JG, Lee KY. Effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;58(4):397–402.PubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Jaakkola T, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ. Effects of gemfibrozil, itraconazole, and their combination on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;77(5):404–14.PubMed

60.

Niemi M, Backman JT, Granfors M, Laitila J, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ. Gemfibrozil considerably increases the plasma concentrations of rosiglitazone. Diabetologia. 2003;46(10):1319–23.PubMed

61.

Jaakkola T, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;61(1):70–8.PubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Park JY, Kim KA, Kang MH, Kim SL, Shin JG. Effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;75(3):157–62.PubMed

63.

Pedersen RS, Damkier P, Brosen K. The effects of human CYP2C8 genotype and fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62(6):682–9.PubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Tornio A, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT. Trimethoprim and the CYP2C8*3 allele have opposite effects on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008;36(1):73–80.PubMed

65.

Hruska MW, Amico JA, Langaee TY, Ferrell RE, Fitzgerald SM, Frye RF. The effect of trimethoprim on CYP2C8 mediated rosiglitazone metabolism in human liver microsomes and healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;59(1):70–9.PubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Raskin P, Rendell M, Riddle MC, Dole JF, Freed MI, Rosenstock J. A randomized trial of rosiglitazone therapy in patients with inadequately controlled insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(7):1226–32.PubMed

67.

GSK. Avandia (rosiglitazone meleate). GlaxoSmithKline. US prescribing information. 2009.

68.

Drucker DJ, Nauck MA. The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2006;368(9548):1696–705.PubMed

69.

Idris I, Donnelly R. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors: a major new class of oral antidiabetic drug. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9(2):153–65.PubMed

70.

Scheen AJ. Pharmacokinetics of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12(8):648–58.PubMed

71.

Herman GA, Bergman A, Yi B, Kipnes M. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of metformin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin when co-administered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(10):1939–47.PubMed

72.

Mistry GC, Bergman AJ, Zheng W, Hreniuk D, Zinny MA, Gottesdiener KM, et al. Sitagliptin, an dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, does not alter the pharmacokinetics of the sulphonylurea, glyburide, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66(1):36–42.PubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Mistry GC, Bergman AJ, Luo WL, Cilissen C, Haazen W, Davies MJ, et al. Multiple-dose administration of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, does not alter the single-dose pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47(2):159–64.PubMed

74.

LaSalle JR. Reaching HbA1c goals with saxagliptin in combination with other oral antidiabetic drugs. Postgrad Med. 2010;122(1):144–52.PubMed

75.

Karim A, Laurent A, Munsaka M, Wann E, Fleck P, Mekki Q. Coadministration of pioglitazone or glyburide and alogliptin: pharmacokinetic drug interaction assessment in healthy participants. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;49(10):1210–9.PubMed

76.

Tiwari A. Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2009;10(10):1091–104.PubMed

77.

Bergman AJ, Cote J, Maes A, Zhao JJ, Roadcap BA, Sun L, et al. Effect of sitagliptin on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;49(4):483–8.PubMed

78.

Wright DH, Herman GA, Maes A, Liu Q, Johnson-Levonas AO, Wagner JA. Multiple doses of sitagliptin, a selective DPP-4 inhibitor, do not meaningfully alter pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;49(10):1157–67.PubMed

79.

Miller JLME, Talaty JE, et al. The effect of MK-0431 on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin after concomitant administration for 10 days in healthy subjects [abstract no. PI-65]. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;79(2):24.

80.

He YL, Sabo R, Riviere GJ, Sunkara G, Leon S, Ligueros-Saylan M, et al. Effect of the novel oral dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor vildagliptin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(5):1131–8.PubMed

81.

He YL, Sabo R, Sunkara G, Bizot MN, Riviere GJ, Leon S, et al. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interactions between vildagliptin and digoxin in healthy volunteers [abstract]. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47(8):998–1004.PubMed

82.

Graefe-Mody U, Huettner S, Stahle H, Ring A, Dugi KA. Effect of linagliptin (BI 1356) on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of simvastatin. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;48(6):367–74.PubMed

83.

He YL, Ligueros-Saylan M, Sunkara G, Sabo R, Zhao C, Wang Y, et al. Vildagliptin, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, has no pharmacokinetic interactions with the antihypertensive agents amlodipine, valsartan, and ramipril in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48(1):85–95.PubMed

84.

Brown NJ, Byiers S, Carr D, Maldonado M, Warner BA. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor use associated with increased risk of ACE inhibitor-associated angioedema. Hypertension. 2009;54(3):516–23.PubMedPubMedCentral

85.

Patel CG, Li L, Girgis S, Kornhauser DM, Frevert EU, Boulton DW. Two-way pharmacokinetic interaction studies between saxagliptin and cytochrome P450 substrates or inhibitors: simvastatin, diltiazem extended-release, and ketoconazole. Clin Pharmacol. 2011;3:13–25.PubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Upreti VV, Boulton DW, Li L, Ching A, Su H, Lacreta FP, et al. Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of saxagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;72(1):92–102.PubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Nielsen LL, Young AA, Parkes DG. Pharmacology of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4): a potential therapeutic for improved glycemic control of type 2 diabetes. Regul Pept. 2004;117(2):77–88.PubMed

88.

Vilsboll T. Liraglutide: a once-daily GLP-1 analogue for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007;16(2):231–7.PubMed

89.

Simonsen L, Holst JJ, Deacon CF. Exendin-4, but not glucagon-like peptide-1, is cleared exclusively by glomerular filtration in anaesthetised pigs. Diabetologia. 2006;49(4):706–12.PubMed

90.

Malm-Erjefalt M, Bjornsdottir I, Vanggaard J, Helleberg H, Larsen U, Oosterhuis B, et al. Metabolism and excretion of the once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in healthy male subjects and its in vitro degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and neutral endopeptidase. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010;38(11):1944–53.PubMed

91.

Zinman B, Hoogwerf BJ, Duran Garcia S, Milton DR, Giaconia JM, Kim DD, et al. The effect of adding exenatide to a thiazolidinedione in suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(7):477–85.PubMed

92.

Marre M, Shaw J, Brandle M, Bebakar WM, Kamaruddin NA, Strand J, et al. Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks produces greater improvements in glycaemic and weight control compared with adding rosiglitazone or placebo in subjects with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-1 SU). Diabet Med. 2009;26(3):268–78.PubMedPubMedCentral

93.

Zinman B, Gerich J, Buse JB, Lewin A, Schwartz S, Raskin P, et al. Efficacy and safety of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in combination with metformin and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-4 Met+TZD). Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1224–30.PubMedPubMedCentral

94.

Kothare PA, Linnebjerg H, Skrivanek Z, Reddy S, Mace K, Pena A, et al. Exenatide effects on statin pharmacokinetics and lipid response. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;45(2):114–20.PubMed

95.

Soon D, Kothare PA, Linnebjerg H, Park S, Yuen E, Mace KF, et al. Effect of exenatide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy Asian men. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;46(10):1179–87.PubMed

96.

Kothare PA, Soon DK, Linnebjerg H, Park S, Chan C, Yeo A, et al. Effect of exenatide on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of digoxin. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;45(9):1032–7.PubMed

97.

Blase E, Taylor K, Gao HY, Wintle M, Fineman M. Pharmacokinetics of an oral drug (acetaminophen) administered at various times in relation to subcutaneous injection of exenatide (exendin-4) in healthy subjects [abstract]. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;45(5):570–7.PubMed

98.

Kapitza C, Zdravkovic M, Hindsberger C, Flint A. The effect of the once-daily human glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen. Adv Ther. 2011;28(8):650–60.PubMed

99.

Malm-Erjefalt M, Ekblom M, Brondsed L, Vouis J, et al. A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial investigating the effect of liraglutide on the absorption pharmacokinetics of concomitantly administered oral drugs in healthy subjects. In: Abstract book of the American Diabetes Association (ADA). 68th Scientific Sessions, San Francisco, CA; 6–10 June 2008.

100.

Brown GK. Glucose transporters: structure, function and consequences of deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2000;23(3):237–46.PubMed

101.

Ferrannini E, Ramos SJ, Salsali A, Tang W, List JF. Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(10):2217–24.PubMedPubMedCentral

102.

eMC. The electronic medicines compendium. EU summary of product characteristics. 2012. http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/27188/SPC/Forxiga+5mg+%26+10+mg+film+coated+tablets. Accessed 20 July 2013.

103.

Janssen. Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc. InvokanaTM (canagliflozin) tablets, for oral use: US prescribing information. 2013. http://www.janssenmd.com/pdf/invokana/PI-INVOKANA.pdf. Accessed 20 July 2013

104.

Kasichayanula S, Liu X, Shyu WC, Zhang W, Pfister M, Griffen SC, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between dapagliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor, and metformin, pioglitazone, glimepiride or sitagliptin in healthy subjects. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13(1):47–54.PubMed

105.

Janssen. Janssen Research & Development LLC. Advisory committee briefing materials: canagliflozin as an adjunctive treatment to diet and exercise alone or co-administered with other anti-hyperglycemic agents to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee. 2012:1–184.

106.

Kasichayanula S, Chang M, Liu X, Shyu WC, Griffen SC, LaCreta FP, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between dapagliflozin and simvastatin, valsartan, warfarin, or digoxin. Adv Ther. 2012;29(2):163–77.PubMed

107.

Kasichayanula S, Liu X, Griffen SC, Lacreta FP, Boulton DW. Effects of rifampin and mefenamic acid on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dapagliflozin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(3):280–3.PubMed

108.

Devineni D MP, Vaccaro N. Lack of clinically meaningful interaction between canagliflozin (CANA), a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, and digoxin or warfarin in healthy subjects [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2012;1:81.

109.

Kapoor D, Goodwin E, Channer KS, Jones TH. Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;154(6):899–906.PubMed

110.

Landon J, Wynn V, Samols E. The effect of anabolic steroids on blood sugar and plasma insulin levels in man. Metabolism. 1963;12:924–35.PubMed

111.

Kelley DE, Bray GA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Klein S, Hill J, Miles J, et al. Clinical efficacy of orlistat therapy in overweight and obese patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(6):1033–41.PubMed

112.

Kolaczynski JW, Ylikahri R, Harkonen M, Koivisto VA. The acute effect of ethanol on counterregulatory response and recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67(2):384–8.PubMed

113.

Hedenmalm K, Hagg S, Stahl M, Mortimer O, Spigset O. Glucose intolerance with atypical antipsychotics. Drug Saf. 2002;25(15):1107–16.PubMed

114.

Korenyi C, Lowenstein B. Chlorpromazine induced diabetes. Dis Nerv Syst. 1968;29(12):827–8.PubMed

115.

Lipscombe LL, Levesque L, Gruneir A, Fischer HD, Juurlink DN, Gill SS, et al. Antipsychotic drugs and hyperglycemia in older patients with diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(14):1282–9.PubMed

116.

Murphy MB, Lewis PJ, Kohner E, Schumer B, Dollery CT. Glucose intolerance in hypertensive patients treated with diuretics; a fourteen-year follow-up. Lancet. 1982;2(8311):1293–5.PubMed

117.

Henriksen JE, Alford F, Ward GM, Beck-Nielsen H. Risk and mechanism of dexamethasone-induced deterioration of glucose tolerance in non-diabetic first-degree relatives of NIDDM patients. Diabetologia. 1997;40(12):1439–48.PubMed

118.

Faul JL, Tormey W, Tormey V, Burke C. High dose inhaled corticosteroids and dose dependent loss of diabetic control. BMJ. 1998;317(7171):1491.PubMedPubMedCentral

119.

Gurwitz JH, Bohn RL, Glynn RJ, Monane M, Mogun H, Avorn J. Glucocorticoids and the risk for initiation of hypoglycemic therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154(1):97–101.PubMed

120.

Miccoli R, Orlandi MC, Fruzzetti F, Giampietro O, Melis G, Ricci C, et al. Metabolic effects of three new low-dose pills: a six-month experience. Contraception. 1989;39(6):643–52.PubMed

121.

Inglis AM, Miller AK, Culkin KT, Finnerty D, Patterson SD, Jorkasky DK, et al. Lack of effect of rosiglitazone on the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives in healthy female volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;41(6):683–90.PubMed

122.

Lilly E. Byetta (exenatide). UK summary of product characteristics: Eli Lilly and Company Ltd; 2009.

123.

Spellacy WN. A review of carbohydrate metabolism and the oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1969;104(3):448–60.PubMed

124.

Garg AGS. Nicotinic acid as therapy for dyslipidemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1990;264(6):723–6.PubMed

125.

Gray DR, Morgan T, Chretien SD, Kashyap ML. Efficacy and safety of controlled-release niacin in dyslipoproteinemic veterans. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121(4):252–8.PubMed

126.

Prokai A, Fekete A, Pasti K, Rusai K, Banki NF, Reusz G, et al. The importance of different immunosuppressive regimens in the development of posttransplant diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012;13(1):81–91.PubMed

127.

Heisel O, Heisel R, Balshaw R, Keown P. New onset diabetes mellitus in patients receiving calcineurin inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant Off J Am Soci Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg. 2004;4(4):583–95.

Titel: Pharmacotherapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Update on Drug–Drug Interactions
verfasst von: Muhammad Amin
Naeti Suksomboon
Publikationsdatum: 01.11.2014
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: Drug Safety / Ausgabe 11/2014
Print ISSN: 0114-5916
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1942
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-014-0223-2

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2014

Converting to a Common Data Model: What is Lost in Translation?

Safety Profile of Biological Medicines as Compared with Non-Biologicals: An Analysis of the Italian Spontaneous Reporting System Database

Side Effects of Cytokines Approved for Therapy

Stimulated Reporting: The Impact of US Food and Drug Administration-Issued Alerts on the Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)

Cardiovascular Risk with Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Clinical Implications

Fidelity Assessment of a Clinical Practice Research Datalink Conversion to the OMOP Common Data Model