nach oben

Erschienen in:

01.02.2015 | Systematic Review

Exercise Modalities and Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

verfasst von: Ammar W. Ashor, Jose Lara, Mario Siervo, Carlos Celis-Morales, Clio Oggioni, Djordje G. Jakovljevic, John C. Mathers

Erschienen in: Sports Medicine | Ausgabe 2/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

Regular exercise is associated with enhanced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is used widely to assess endothelial function (EF) and NO release.

Objectives

The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to (i) investigate the effect of exercise modalities (aerobic, resistance or combined) on FMD; and (ii) determine which exercise and participant characteristics are most effective in improving FMD.

Methods

We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases for studies that met the following criteria: (i) randomized controlled trials of exercise with comparative non-exercise, usual care or sedentary groups; (ii) duration of exercise intervention ≥4 weeks; (iii) age ≥18 years; and (iv) EF measured by FMD before and after the intervention. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95 % confidence interval were entered into a random effect model to estimate the pooled effect of the exercise interventions.

Results

All exercise modalities enhanced EF significantly: aerobic (WMD 2.79, 95 % CI 2.12–3.45, p = 0.0001), resistance (WMD 2.52, 95 % CI 1.11–3.93, p = 0.0001) and combined (WMD 2.07, 95 % CI 0.70–3.44, p = 0.003). A dose–response relationship was observed between aerobic exercise intensity and improvement in EF. A 2 metabolic equivalents (MET) increase in absolute exercise intensity or a 10 % increase in relative exercise intensity resulted in a 1 % unit improvement in FMD. There was a positive relationship between frequency of resistance exercise sessions and improvement in EF (β 1.14, CI 0.16–2.12, p = 0.027).

Conclusions

All exercise modalities improve EF significantly and there was a significant, positive relationship between aerobic exercise intensity and EF. Greater frequency, rather than intensity, of resistance exercise training enhanced EF.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Green DJ, Jones H, Thijssen D, et al. Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular event prediction: does nitric oxide matter? Hypertension. 2011;57(3):363–9. doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.167015.PubMedCrossRef

Lollgen H, Bockenhoff A, Knapp G. Physical activity and all-cause mortality: an updated meta-analysis with different intensity categories. Int J Sports Med. 2009;30(3):213–24. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128150.PubMedCrossRef

Pal S, Radavelli-Bagatini S, Ho S. Potential benefits of exercise on blood pressure and vascular function. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2013;7(6):494–506. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2013.07.004.PubMedCrossRef

Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH, Coeckelberghs E, et al. Impact of resistance training on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Hypertension. 2011;58(5):950–8. doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.177071.PubMedCrossRef

Braith RW, Stewart KJ. Resistance exercise training: its role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2006;113(22):2642–50. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.584060.PubMedCrossRef

Miyachi M. Effects of resistance training on arterial stiffness: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):393–6. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-090488.PubMedCrossRef

Montero D, Walther G, Perez-Martin A, et al. Vascular smooth muscle function in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2013;56(10):2122–33. doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2974-1.PubMedCrossRef

Montero D, Roberts CK, Vinet A. Effect of aerobic exercise training on arterial stiffness in obese populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2014;44(6):833–43. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0165-y.PubMedCrossRef

Montero D, Roche E, Martinez-Rodriguez A. The impact of aerobic exercise training on arterial stiffness in pre- and hypertensive subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2014;173(3):361–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.072.PubMedCrossRef

10.

Goto C, Higashi Y, Kimura M, et al. Effect of different intensities of exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans: role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Circulation. 2003;108(5):530–5. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000080893.55729.28.PubMedCrossRef

11.

Okamoto T, Masuhara M, Ikuta K. Effect of low-intensity resistance training on arterial function. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(5):743–8.PubMedCrossRef

12.

Schuler G, Adams V, Goto Y. Role of exercise in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: results, mechanisms, and new perspectives. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(24):1790–9. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht111.PubMedCrossRef

13.

Gielen S, Schuler G, Adams V. Cardiovascular effects of exercise training: molecular mechanisms. Circulation. 2010;122(12):1221–38. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.939959.PubMedCrossRef

14.

Kojda G, Hambrecht R. Molecular mechanisms of vascular adaptations to exercise. Physical activity as an effective antioxidant therapy? Cardiovasc Res. 2005;67(2):187–97. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.04.032.PubMedCrossRef

15.

Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR. Prediction of future cardiovascular outcomes by flow-mediated vasodilatation of brachial artery: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;26(6):631–40. doi:10.1007/s10554-010-9616-1.PubMedCrossRef

16.

Charakida M, Masi S, Luscher TF, et al. Assessment of atherosclerosis: the role of flow-mediated dilatation. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(23):2854–61. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq340.PubMedCrossRef

17.

Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. http://www.cochrane-handbook.org.

18.

Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

19.

Green DJ, Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, et al. Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans. J Physiol. 2004;561(Pt 1):1–25. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.068197.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

20.

Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17(1):1–12.PubMedCrossRef

21.

Howley ET. Type of activity: resistance, aerobic and leisure versus occupational physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(6 Suppl):S364–9; discussion S419–20.

22.

Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629–34.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

23.

Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–60. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

24.

Beck DT, Casey DP, Martin JS, et al. Exercise training improves endothelial function in young prehypertensives. Exp Biol Med (Maywood NJ). 2013;238(4):433–41 10.1177/1535370213477600.CrossRef

25.

Belardinelli R, Capestro F, Misiani A, et al. Moderate exercise training improves functional capacity, quality of life, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in chronic heart failure patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13(5):818–25.PubMedCrossRef

26.

Belardinelli R, Lacalaprice F, Faccenda E, et al. Effects of short-term moderate exercise training on sexual function in male patients with chronic stable heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2005;101(1):83–90.PubMedCrossRef

27.

Belardinelli R, Lacalaprice F, Faccenda E, et al. Trimetazidine potentiates the effects of exercise training in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy referred for cardiac rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(5):533–40.PubMedCrossRef

28.

Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, et al. Alternate day fasting with or without exercise: Effects on endothelial function and adipokines in obese humans. e-SPEN J. 2013;8(5):e205–9.

29.

Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Babyak MA, et al. Exercise and pharmacological treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with coronary heart disease: Results from the UPBEAT (understanding the prognostic benefits of exercise and antidepressant therapy) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(12):1053–63.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

30.

Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Babyak MA, et al. Effects of exercise and stress management training on markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with ischemic heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(13):1626–34.PubMedCrossRef

31.

Braith RW, Schofield RS, Hill JA, et al. Exercise training attenuates progressive decline in brachial artery reactivity in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27(1):52–9. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2007.09.032.PubMedCrossRef

32.

Choi KM, Han KA, Ahn HJ, et al. Effects of exercise on sRAGE levels and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(10):3751–8.PubMedCrossRef

33.

Desch S, Sonnabend M, Niebauer J, et al. Effects of physical exercise versus rosiglitazone on endothelial function in coronary artery disease patients with prediabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12(9):825–8.PubMedCrossRef

34.

Edwards DG, Schofield RS, Lennon SL, et al. Effect of exercise training on endothelial function in men with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93(5):617–20. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.11.032.PubMedCrossRef

35.

Erbs S, Hollriegel R, Linke A, et al. Exercise training in patients with advanced chronic heart failure (NYHA IIIb) promotes restoration of peripheral vasomotor function, induction of endogenous regeneration, and improvement of left ventricular function. Circul Heart Fail. 2010;3(4):486–94.CrossRef

36.

Giannattasio C, Achilli F, Grappiolo A, et al. Radial artery flow-mediated dilatation in heart failure patients: effects of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment. Hypertension. 2001;38(6):1451–5.PubMedCrossRef

37.

Hermann TS, Dall CH, Christensen SB, et al. Effect of high intensity exercise on peak oxygen uptake and endothelial function in long-term heart transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2011;11(3):536–41.PubMedCrossRef

38.

Hill AM, Buckley JD, Murphy KJ, et al. Combining fish–oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(5):1267–74.PubMed

39.

Jones LW, Hornsby WE, Freedland SJ, et al. Effects of nonlinear aerobic training on erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular function following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2014;65(5):852–5.PubMedCrossRef

40.

Kitzman DW, Brubaker PH, Herrington DM, et al. Effect of endurance exercise training on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(7):584–92.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

41.

Kobayashi N, Tsuruya Y, Iwasawa T, et al. Exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure improves endothelial function predominantly in the trained extremities. Circ J. 2003;67(6):505–10.PubMedCrossRef

42.

Kwon HR, Min KW, Ahn HJ, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise vs. resistance training on endothelial function in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(4):364–73. doi:10.4093/dmj.2011.35.4.364.

43.

Lavrenčič A, Salobir BG, Keber I. Physical training improves flow-mediated dilation in patients with the polymetabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20(2):551–5.

44.

Linke A, Schoene N, Gielen S, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure: systemic effects of lower-limb exercise training. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(2):392–7.PubMedCrossRef

45.

Maiorana AJ, Naylor LH, Exterkate A, et al. The impact of exercise training on conduit artery wall thickness and remodeling in chronic heart failure patients. Hypertension. 2011;57(1):56–62.PubMedCrossRef

46.

McDermott MM, Ades P, Guralnik JM, et al. Treadmill exercise and resistance training in patients with peripheral arterial disease with and without intermittent claudication: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(2):165–74.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

47.

Munk PS, Staal EM, Butt N, et al. High-intensity interval training may reduce in-stent restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation: a randomized controlled trial evaluating the relationship to endothelial function and inflammation. Am Heart J. 2009;158(5):734–41. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2009.08.021.PubMedCrossRef

48.

Pierce GL, Eskurza I, Walker AE, et al. Sex-specific effects of habitual aerobic exercise on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in middle-aged and older adults. Clin Sci (Lond). 2011;120(1):13–23. doi:10.1042/cs20100174.PubMedCrossRef

49.

Ramirez-Velez R, Aguilar de Plata AC, Escudero MM, et al. Influence of regular aerobic exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilation and cardiorespiratory fitness in pregnant women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2011;37(11):1601–8. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01582.x.

50.

Schmidt A, Pleiner J, Bayerle-Eder M, et al. Regular physical exercise improves endothelial function in heart transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 2002;16(2):137–43.PubMedCrossRef

51.

Sixt S, Rastan A, Desch S, et al. Exercise training but not rosiglitazone improves endothelial function in prediabetic patients with coronary disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(4):473–8. doi:10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283002733.PubMedCrossRef

52.

Sonnenschein K, Horvath T, Mueller M, et al. Exercise training improves in vivo endothelial repair capacity of early endothelial progenitor cells in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2011;18(3):406–14.PubMedCrossRef

53.

Stensvold D, Tjonna AE, Skaug EA, et al. Strength training versus aerobic interval training to modify risk factors of metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(4):804–10.PubMedCrossRef

54.

Swift DL, Earnest CP, Blair SN, et al. The effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on endothelial function in postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: results from the DREW study. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(10):753–8. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090025.PubMedCrossRef

55.

Tjonna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo O, et al. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. Circulation. 2008;118(4):346–54. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.772822.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

56.

Vona M, Codeluppi GM, Iannino T, et al. Effects of different types of exercise training followed by detraining on endothelium-dependent dilation in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2009;119(12):1601–8.PubMedCrossRef

57.

Vona M, Rossi A, Capodaglio P, et al. Impact of physical training and detraining on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2004;147(6):1039–46.PubMedCrossRef

58.

Westhoff TH, Franke N, Schmidt S, et al. Beta-blockers do not impair the cardiovascular benefits of endurance training in hypertensives. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21(6):486–93. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1002173.PubMed

59.

Westhoff TH, Schmidt S, Gross V, et al. The cardiovascular effects of upper-limb aerobic exercise in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2008;26(7):1336–42.PubMedCrossRef

60.

Wisloff U, Stoylen A, Loennechen JP, et al. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation. 2007;115(24):3086–94. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.675041.PubMedCrossRef

61.

Yoshizawa M, Maeda S, Miyaki A, et al. Additive beneficial effects of lactotripeptides intake with regular exercise on endothelium-dependent dilatation in postmenopausal women. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(4):368–72. doi:10.1038/ajh.2009.270.PubMedCrossRef

62.

Hambrecht R, Hilbrich L, Erbs S, et al. Correction of endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure: additional effects of exercise training and oral l-arginine supplementation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(3):706–13.PubMedCrossRef

63.

Okamoto T, Masuhara M, Ikuta K. Effects of low-intensity resistance training with slow lifting and lowering on vascular function. J Hum Hypertens. 2008;22(7):509–11. doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.12.PubMedCrossRef

64.

Okamoto T, Masuhara M, Ikuta K. Effects of muscle contraction timing during resistance training on vascular function. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23(7):470–8. doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.152.PubMedCrossRef

65.

Okamoto T, Masuhara M, Ikuta K. Effect of low-intensity resistance training on arterial function. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(5):743–8. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1702-5.PubMedCrossRef

66.

Olson TP, Dengel DR, Leon AS, et al. Moderate resistance training and vascular health in overweight women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(9):1558–64.PubMedCrossRef

67.

Barone Gibbs B, Dobrosielski DA, Bonekamp S, et al. A randomized trial of exercise for blood pressure reduction in type 2 diabetes: effect on flow-mediated dilation and circulating biomarkers of endothelial function. Atherosclerosis. 2012;224(2):446–53.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

68.

Haykowsky M, Taylor D, Kim D, et al. Exercise training improves aerobic capacity and skeletal muscle function in heart transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(4):734–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02531.x.PubMedCrossRef

69.

Luk TH, Dai YL, Siu CW, et al. Effect of exercise training on vascular endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012;19(4):830–9.PubMedCrossRef

70.

Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, Cheetham C, et al. The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(3):860–6.PubMedCrossRef

71.

Okada S, Hiuge A, Makino H, et al. Effect of exercise intervention on endothelial function and incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2010;17(8):828–33.PubMedCrossRef

72.

Okamoto T, Masuhara M, Ikuta K. Combined aerobic and resistance training and vascular function: effect of aerobic exercise before and after resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007;103(5):1655-61. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00327.2007.

73.

Walsh JH, Bilsborough W, Maiorana A, et al. Exercise training improves conduit vessel function in patients with coronary artery disease. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003;95(1):20–5. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00012.2003.

74.

Walsh JH, Yong G, Cheetham C, et al. Effects of exercise training on conduit and resistance vessel function in treated and untreated hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(18):1681–9.PubMedCrossRef

75.

Newcomer SC, Thijssen DH, Green DJ. Effects of exercise on endothelium and endothelium/smooth muscle cross talk: role of exercise-induced hemodynamics. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;111(1):311–20. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00033.2011.

76.

Ribeiro F, Alves AJ, Duarte JA, et al. Is exercise training an effective therapy targeting endothelial dysfunction and vascular wall inflammation? Int J Cardiol. 2010;141(3):214–21. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.548.PubMedCrossRef

77.

Ribeiro F, Ribeiro IP, Alves AJ, et al. Effects of exercise training on endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;92(11):1020–30. doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e31829b4c4f.PubMedCrossRef

78.

Padilla J, Harris RA, Rink LD, et al. Characterization of the brachial artery shear stress following walking exercise. Vasc Med. 2008;13(2):105–11. doi:10.1177/1358863x07086671.PubMedCrossRef

79.

Whyte LJ, Ferguson C, Wilson J, et al. Effects of single bout of very high-intensity exercise on metabolic health biomarkers in overweight/obese sedentary men. Metabolism. 2013;62(2):212–9. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.019.PubMedCrossRef

80.

Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1423–34. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616b27.PubMedCrossRef

81.

Swain DP, Franklin BA. Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(1):141–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.130.PubMedCrossRef

82.

Smart NA, Dieberg G, Giallauria F. Intermittent versus continuous exercise training in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2013;166(2):352–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.075.PubMedCrossRef

83.

Weston KS, Wisloff U, Coombes JS. High-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(16):1227–34. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092576.PubMedCrossRef

84.

Kaminsky LA, Arena R, Beckie TM, et al. The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness in the United States: the need for a national registry: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(5):652–62. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31827ee100.PubMedCrossRef

85.

Gibala MJ, Little JP, Macdonald MJ, et al. Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol. 2012;590(Pt 5):1077–84. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224725.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

86.

Whyte LJ, Gill JM, Cathcart AJ. Effect of 2 weeks of sprint interval training on health-related outcomes in sedentary overweight/obese men. Metabolism. 2010;59(10):1421–8. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.01.002.PubMedCrossRef

87.

Wisloff U, Ellingsen O, Kemi OJ. High-intensity interval training to maximize cardiac benefits of exercise training? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2009;37(3):139–46. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e3181aa65fc.PubMedCrossRef

88.

Akamatsu D, Sato A, Goto H, et al. Nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery may predict long-term cardiovascular events irrespective of the presence of atherosclerotic disease. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2010;17(12):1266–74.PubMedCrossRef

89.

Mora S, Cook N, Buring JE, et al. Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms. Circulation. 2007;116(19):2110–8. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.729939.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

90.

MacDonald MJ, Currie KD. Interval exercise is a path to good health, but how much, how often and for whom? Clin Sci (Lond). 2009;116(4):315–6. doi:10.1042/cs20080632.PubMedCrossRef

91.

Pyke KE, Tschakovsky ME. The relationship between shear stress and flow-mediated dilatation: implications for the assessment of endothelial function. J Physiol. 2005;568(Pt 2):357–69. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.089755.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

92.

Thijssen DH, Black MA, Pyke KE, et al. Assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans: a methodological and physiological guideline. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011;300(1):H2–12. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00471.2010.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Titel: Exercise Modalities and Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
verfasst von: Ammar W. Ashor
Jose Lara
Mario Siervo
Carlos Celis-Morales
Clio Oggioni
Djordje G. Jakovljevic
John C. Mathers
Publikationsdatum: 01.02.2015
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: Sports Medicine / Ausgabe 2/2015
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0272-9

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen.
» Jetzt entdecken

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

23.04.2024 | Leitsymptom Rückenschmerzen | Nachrichten

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Exercise Modalities and Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract

Background

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Arthropedia

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

Stereotaktische Radiatio schlägt konventionelle Bestrahlung

Vorsicht mit hohen NSAR-Dosen bei ankylosierender Spondylitis!

Brustkrebs in der Vorgeschichte macht Gelenkersatz komplikationsträchtiger

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Background

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2015

Emergence of Contact Injuries in Invasion Team Sports: An Ecological Dynamics Rationale

Effects of Protein Supplementation in Older Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

A Review on the Mechanisms of Blood-Flow Restriction Resistance Training-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy

Prevalence of Low Bone Mineral Density in Female Dancers

Managing Collapsed or Seriously Ill Participants of Ultra-Endurance Events in Remote Environments

The Response of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and -2 to Exercise

Arthropedia

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

Stereotaktische Radiatio schlägt konventionelle Bestrahlung

Vorsicht mit hohen NSAR-Dosen bei ankylosierender Spondylitis!

Brustkrebs in der Vorgeschichte macht Gelenkersatz komplikationsträchtiger

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie