Ocular Changes Induced by Long-Term Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) Therapy

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Cited by (105)

  • Edmund Lawrence Dubois (1923–1985)

    2024, Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America
  • Ocular side effects of drugs administered systemically for treatment of nonocular diseases

    2022, Handbook of Basic and Clinical Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
  • Study of the structural, chemical descriptors and optoelectronic properties of the drugs Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin

    2020, Heliyon
    Citation Excerpt :

    It is used as an antimalarial drug ever since the Second World War. It is also widely used in the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory and skin diseases [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. Hydroxychloroquine is rapidly absorbed by the intestine, accumulating in organs such as the liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys.

  • Short-term, high-dose hydroxychloroquine corneal toxicity

    2020, American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports
    Citation Excerpt :

    The incidence of corneal hydroxychloroquine deposits depends on both the dose and duration of drug use.2,9 Shearer and Dubois10 reported an incidence of corneal verticillata in patients taking 800 mg/day to be 6% within 6 months, 32% by 12 months, and 100% by 48 months with corneal findings noted as early as 2–3 weeks after starting hydroxychloroquine. In contrast, the incidence of vortex keratopathy has been reported to be 0–5% in patients taking only 400 mg/day of hydroxychloroquine.11–13

  • Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Are Novel Inhibitors of Human Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1A2

    2016, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
    Citation Excerpt :

    The common adverse effects of CQ and HCQ include gastrointestinal upset, mild nausea, and occasional stomach cramps with mild diarrhea.6 However, since the 1960s, long-term usage of CQ or HCQ has also been reported to lead to severe retinopathy and loss of retinal function.7-11 Lack of treatment for CQ- or HCQ-induced retinopathy results in permanent visual loss for patients and as such has significantly restricted the clinical applications of these otherwise cost-effective and widely available drugs.12

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This study was supported by a grant from Winthrop Laboratories.

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