High velocity missile injury: An experimental study of the retentive forces of tissue☆
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2021, Composite Solutions for BallisticsBallistics and anatomical modelling – A review
2016, Legal MedicineCitation Excerpt :The path formed is not necessarily a straight line due to differences in tissue densities and contact with bones that causes the bullet to deflect [1,12,14]. The size and shape of the permanent cavity could be affected by three mechanisms; i) projectile yaw, where at the point of strike, the bullet yaws by 90° and travels with its long axis striking the tissues, leading to a cavity that is 10–14 times the size of the diameter of the projectile [3,6,10,14]; ii) bullet deformation, where mushrooming or flattening of the tip increases the bullets diameter and iii) bullet fragmentation, which may occur with high velocity bullets or on contact with bones [14,20,43,44] (described in detail later). A permanent cavity is usually surrounded by an area of cellular and endothelial damage (i.e. in the skeletal muscles), bruising, necrotic tissues or an area of haemorrhage [5,35].
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2016, Journal of Forensic and Legal MedicineThe experimental and numerical study of indirect effect of a rifle bullet on the bone
2015, Forensic Science InternationalWound ballistics of firearm-related injuries-Part 1: Missile characteristics and mechanisms of soft tissue wounding
2014, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryCitation Excerpt :Cavity formation becomes clinically important usually at striking velocities exceeding 300–600 m/s, beyond which the cavitation changes become much more marked.45,80 The mechanism of tissue damage by cavitation is usually summarized as radial stretching66,77; it may extend over a wide area subjected to peripheral compression by the expanding cavity, also involving shearing effects related to tissue heterogeneity.3,7,66,73,75 Inelastic organs such as the liver are far more susceptible to disruption than skeletal muscle,7 which can tolerate better the cavitation effects as long as there is no circulatory impairment or uncontrolled infection.5,34,77,78,81
Are lead-free hunting rifle bullets as effective at killing wildlife as conventional lead bullets? A comparison based on wound size and morphology
2013, Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :The penetrating bullet causes a radial acceleration of body tissue which is displaced as a consequence and subjected to elongation and shearing forces. The amount of tissue destruction caused by the temporary cavity depends on the elasticity of the organs which are struck — less elastic tissue such as liver (Amato et al., 1974a, 1974b) or brain (Oehmichen et al., 2000) is more severely damaged than muscle or lung, for example, which have a higher elasticity. For this reason we restricted the analysis to shots through the chest.
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Presented at the Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the New England Surgical Society, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, September 27–29, 1973.
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From the Biomedical Department, Biophysics Laboratory, U.S. Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland, and the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New England Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.