Elsevier

Animal Behaviour

Volume 27, Part 1, February 1979, Pages 316-317
Animal Behaviour

Short communication
Tonic immobility as a measure of fear in domestic fowl

https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(79)90159-3Get rights and content

References (20)

There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

Cited by (136)

  • Environmental, ecological and methodological factors of Tonic Immobility (TI) modulation

    2022, Progress in Brain Research
    Citation Excerpt :

    Suzuki et al. (2013) advance the hypothesis that with respect to the wild white-backed munia, the domesticated bengalese finches have been exposed to a safer environment rich of food that allows them to invest more energy in reproduction than in defense responses, on the basis of a trade-off relationships between the investment for reproductive success and investment in the ability to survive in the wild. In these experiments, Suzuki et al. (2013) adopt the TI test (susceptibility and duration), since TI is an antipredatory response that improves survival (Thompson et al., 1981) and is related to fearfulness (Gallup, 1979). The domesticated bengalese finches showed shorter TI durations, shorter latencies of head movements and a greater number of TI inductions than wild-living white-backed munia.

  • Experimental monochromatic light-emitting diode fixture impacts Pekin duck stress and eye development

    2021, Poultry Science
    Citation Excerpt :

    The current investigation found ducks reared under LED fixtures emitting monochromatic red (long wavelength) and blue (short wavelength) light had higher plasma CORT, HL, and ASYM compared to WHITE and GREEN ducks, indicating elevated stress responses in the former two treatments. Tonic immobility is a common and reliable measure of avian fear responses (Gallup, 1979), but limited research on the impact of lighting on Pekin duck fear responses is available. White LED light (Sultana et al., 2013) and red light (Mohamed et al., 2016) as previously been found to elevate fear responses during TI in ducks compared to blue and green light.

  • The effect of supplementary ultraviolet wavelengths on broiler chicken welfare indicators

    2018, Applied Animal Behaviour Science
    Citation Excerpt :

    The effect of UVA provision, or other husbandry changes that improve welfare, on aspects of plumage quality and feather directed behaviours in young broilers would be a promising area for further study. Broiler chickens provided with UVA exposure for the full 18-hour photoperiod were less fearful than control broilers, as indicated by shorter tonic immobility durations (Gallup, 1979). There was a non-significant trend for broilers provided with UVA + UVB for only 8 h a day to be less fearful than control broilers.

  • Behavioral phenotype relates to physiological differences in immunological and stress responsiveness in reactive and proactive birds

    2018, General and Comparative Endocrinology
    Citation Excerpt :

    A more fearful response is characterized by fewer inductions (attempts to induce immobility) and more time spent without righting once the bird is immobile (Calandreau et al., 2011; Gallup, 1979; Janczak et al., 2007; Jones and Faure, 1981). TI is a commonly used method of assessing stress and fear responses in poultry using their natural anti-predator freezing response (Gallup, 1979; Hrabcakova et al., 2012; Jones and Faure, 1981; Marin et al., 2001), and has also been shown to differ as a baseline measure for differentiating behavioral phenotype between brown and white hens (Fraisse and Cockrem, 2006). We conducted this test according to methods described in Hrabcakova et al. (2012).

View all citing articles on Scopus
View full text