Effect of exercise on α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(69)90083-6

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

Volume 130, 1969, Pages 653-656

https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(69)90083-6 Get rights and content

Abstract

The level of activity of cytochrome oxidase, expressed per gram of fresh muscle, doubled in the gastrocnemius muscles of rats subjected to a strenuous program of treadmill running. The concentration of cytochrome c also increased twofold. In contrast, the levels of activity of mitochondrial and of eytoplasmic α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase per gram of muscle were unaffected by the exercise. The protein content of the mitochondrial fraction from gastrocnemius muscles was increased approximately 60% in the exercising group. As a result, when cytochrome oxidase activity was expressed per milligram of mitochondrial protein, the difference between the exercising and sedentary groups was no longer significant. On the other hand, when mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity was expressed per milligram of mitochondrial protein the value for the exercising group was significantly lower than that for the sedentary controls. These findings provide evidence that the adaptive response to prolonged exercise involves a change in the composition of the cristae of skeletal muscle mitochondria, rather than a simple uniform increase in size or number.

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Blood glycerol is an important precursor for intramuscular triacylglycerol synthesis
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The utilization of blood glycerol and glucose as precursors for intramuscular triglyceride synthesis was examined in rats using an intravenous infusion of [2-¹⁴C]glycerol and [6-³H]glucose or [6-¹⁴C]glucose. In 24-h fasted rats, more glycerol than glucose was incorporated into intramuscular triglyceride glycerol in soleus (69 ± 23 versus 4 ± 1 nmol/μmol triglyceride/h, respectively, p = 0.02 glycerol versus glucose) and in gastrocnemius (25 ± 5 versus 9 ± 2 nmol/μmol triglyceride/h, respectively, p = 0.02). Blood glucose was utilized more than blood glycerol for triglyceride glycerol synthesis in quadriceps. In fed rats, the blood glycerol incorporation rates (4 ± 2, 8 ± 3, and 9 ± 3 nmol/μmol triglyceride/h) were similar (p > 0.3) to those of glucose (5 ± 2, 8 ± 2, and 5 ± 2 nmol/μmol triglyceride/h for quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscle, respectively). Glucose incorporation into intramuscular triglycerides was less with [6-³H]glucose than with [6-¹⁴C]glucose, suggesting an indirect pathway for glucose carbon entry into muscle triglyceride. The isotopic equilibrium between plasma and intramuscular free glycerol ([U-¹³C]glycerol) was complete in quadriceps and gastrocnemius, but not soleus, within 2 h after beginning the tracer infusion. We conclude that blood glycerol is a direct and important precursor for muscle triglyceride synthesis in rats, confirming the presence of functionally important amounts of glycerol kinase in skeletal muscle.
Mitochondrial actaptations to chronic muscle use: Effect of iron deficiency
1992, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology
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  1. The effects of chronic muscle use on mitochondrial structure, enzymes and gene expression is reviewed. The role of iron deficiency in modulating this Actaptation is discussed.
- 2.
  2. Chronic muscle use and disuse alter mitochondrial composition and affect mitochondrial subpopulations differentially. This has implications for an understanding of organelle assembly.
- 3.
  3. Iron deficiency decreases mitochondrial functional mass within muscle by reducing the level of heme and non-heme iron-containing components. This alters the metabolic response during exercise and results in a reduced endurance performance.
- 4.
  4. Both iron deficiency and chronic muscle use represent contrasting experimental models for the study of mitochondrial function and biogenesis.
An unusual metabolic myopathy: a malate-aspartate shuttle defect
1987, Journal of the Neurological Sciences
Studies on a 27-year-old man with a 3-year history of exercise-induced muscle pain, passage of red urine and elevated serum creatine kinase are described. Histological examination of a biopsy from quadriceps revealed non-specific myopathic changes with occasional clusters of subsarcolemmal mitochondria. The phosphorylase stain was normal. Phosphorous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies of gastrocnemius and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles showed no abnormalities at rest. During aerobic exercise there was an abnormally rapid decrease in phosphocreatine concentration but the pH remained within the normal range. There was a build-up of phosphomonoester (probably glucose 6-phosphate), usually indicative of a block in glycolysis. However, a primary defect in the glycolytic pathway seemed unlikely because muscle acidified normally during ischaemic exercise. Recovery from exercise was unusual in that phosphocreatine resynthesis and inorganic phosphate disappearance followed similar prolonged time courses (in control subjects the rate of inorganic phosphate disappearance was about twice as fast as the rate of phosphocreatine resynthesis). The transport of inorganic phosphate into the mitochondria appeared to be delayed. These slow recovery data suggested that oxidative metabolism was impaired. However, with all substrates tested, isolated muscle mitochondria had rates of oxygen uptake that were similar to control values, thereby ruling out a primary defect in mitochondrial respiration. A system involving several mitochondrial transport systems, the malate—aspartate shuttle, was measured. The activity in the patient's isolated mitochondria was less than 20% of the activity present in samples form control subjects. This patient is the only one so far reported with a defect involving the malate-aspartate shuttle system.
Effects of exercise on iron metabolism in rats
1983, Nutrition Research
The effect of exercise on the uptake, redistribution, and excretion of iron was studied in normal iron-sufficient rats. Rats were run to exhaustion in a “sprint” protocol seven times over a twentyone day period. Exercised rats did not differ significantly from sedentary rats in hemoglobin concentrations or in body or organ weights. Exercised rats absorbed more iron than sedentary rats in radioiron tracer studies. Radioiron accumulated mainly in heart, liver, and spleen. Strikingly, tracer iron accumulated significantly in hearts of exercised rats. Exercised rats had less total iron in liver and spleen than sedentary rats. Myoglobin concentrations in heart and soleus muscles were significantly higher in rats after the exercise regimen and decreased following fourteen days of rest. Brief, strenuous exercise appears to signal increased absorption of iron and to stimulate the redistribution of storage iron. This mobilization of iron during exercise may be directed towards the enhancement of oxygen-accepting ability in muscles at work.
Correlation of cytochrome c titer and respiration in Apis mellifera: Adaptive response to caste determination defines workers, intercastes and queens
1983, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and
- 1.
  1. In Apis mellifera, the structure of cytochrome $c$ is identical in the larval and adult stages. No immunologically crossreactive precursors or isoenzymes are present in larvae. Total body cytochrome $c$ of individual animals can thus be measured by viroimmunoassay.
- 2.
  2. Cytochrome $c$ was used as an indicator for the respiratory capacity of the mitochondrial mass. Its concentration is 2–3.5-fold higher in queen larvae than in workers, with a maximal difference in the spinning larval stage. Cytochrome $c$ concentration and respiration are directly correlated. It is concluded that, as a response to caste determination, respiratory rates in larvae are regulated by adaptive concentration changes in respiratory chain enzymes, as postulated for long-term adaptations by the near equilibrium hypothesis.
- 3.
  3. A mathematical relationship exists between O₂-consumption ( $R$ ), cytochrome $c$ content (cyt. $c$ ) and and body weight ( $W$ ), the product $R· log$ cyt $c$ being proportional to $W$ . $R· log$ cyt $c$ being proportional to $W$ .
- 4.
  4. For queens and workers reared in the colony, this proportionality is caste-specific and permits the definition of a caste factor $C = R·log cyt c/W$ . The resp. values found are $C_{queen} = 3.78$ and $C_{worker} = 0.62$ .
- 5.
  5. The caste factor is a biochemical probe for queen determination. Larvae reared in vitro can be classified as workers, intercastes or queens according to their individual $C- value$ .

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^☆: This investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research Grant HD01613 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and by Training Grant AM05341 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases.

²: Postdoctoral Trainee in Nutrition supported by Training Grant AM05341.

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Effect of exercise on α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle☆

Abstract

J. Biol. Chem

J. Biol. Chem

J. Biol. Chem

J. Biol. Chem

Arch. Biochem. Biophys

J. Biol. Chem

J. Biol. Chem

J. Biol. Chem

J. Biol. Chem