Oral mycoses in HIV infection

doi:10.1016/0030-4220(92)90191-R

Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology

Volume 73, Issue 2, February 1992, Pages 171-180

Oral Surgery, Oral M...

https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(92)90191-R Get rights and content

Abstract

Oral mycoses in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are becoming increasingly common. Of these, oral candidiasis is by far the most prevalent; fewer than 10 cases of cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and geotrichosis have thus far been reported. Oral candidiasis is one of the earliest premonitory signs of HIV infection and may present as erythematous, pseudomembranous, hyperplastic, or papillary variants, or as angular cheilitis. Cumulative data from 23 surveys (incorporating 3387 adults) suggest that in general, oral candidiasis may develop in one third to half of HIV-seropositive persons. Almost equal numbers of cases manifest with either erythematous or pseudomembranous variants. These and related concepts pertaining to oral mycoses in HIV infection are reviewed.

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Cited by (235)

Spectrum of fungal infection in head and neck cancer patients on chemoradiotherapy
2017, Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute
Citation Excerpt :
Candida albicans is the most preponderant organism in these patients. However of late, Non-albicans Candida species has been seen to be an emerging cause of oropharyngeal candidiasis. [3] Oral candidiasis patients suffer from oral pain and burning which has a major effect on the quality of life.
Radiotherapy for head and neck cancers (HNC) causes alteration of oral mucosal barrier predisposing it to colonization and infection. Such infections often result in pain and burning sensation thus contributing to major morbidity.
- 1.
  To identify the fungi isolated from the patients undergoing radiotherapy for HNC.
- 2.
  To determine their antifungal susceptibility and week of colonization.
- 3.
  To find out association between oral fungal infection and severity of oral mucositis.
Study was done on 50 patients of HNC treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Three samples (throat, urine, blood) were collected for fungal culture and sensitivity. These samples were collected before the start of radiotherapy, during radiotherapy (2nd and 6th week) and post radiotherapy (10th week).
Only 49 patients were available for analysis. Fungal infection was found in 27/49 patients (55.10%) out of which Non-albicans Candida was isolated in 18/49 (36.73%) and Candida albicans in 9/49 (18.36%) cases. About 66.66% (18/27) isolates were sensitive to fluconazole. Maximum isolation of yeast was during 6th week of radiotherapy. All grade 4 and 71.42% of grade 3 oral mucositis were found in patients who were positive for fungal infection.
The spectrum of fungal species in throat swab was: Non-albicans Candida and Candida albicans observed in 36.73% and 18.36% of patients respectively. Higher rate of fungal colonization and infection was found in patients with grade 3/4 oral mucositis. Prophylactic fluconazole in HNC patients on concurrent chemoradiotherapy has the potential to reduce emerging invasive fungal infection and its associated morbidity.
Relationship between the quantity of oral Candida and immunological vigor
2017, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology
Oral Candida asymptomatically colonizes approximately 35–80% of individuals in a population at any given time. It is speculated that increases in oral Candida may be closely related to host immunity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether a relationship exists between the number of oral Candida colonies and immunological status of the host.
We analyzed 32 subjects and their immunity was assessed and scored using the “Scoring of Immunological Vigor (SIV)”. Amount of oral candida was detected by culture of concentrated oral rinse solutions. The relationship between SIV and the count of oral Candida was investigated.
Oral Candida was detected in cultures of samples from all subjects. The median number of Candida colonies was 6.5 CFU (IQR: 28.5 CFU, range: 1–3480 CFU). There was a significant correlation between the count of oral Candida and the grade of SIV. The amount of oral candida was higher in the lower immunological status of the host. Significant correlations were also found between the amount of Candida and the number of T cells, naïve T cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells.
The results of this study suggested that the detection of oral Candida may be a possible marker for determining immunological vigor of the host.
Candidal carriage predicts candidiasis during topical immunosuppressive therapy: a preliminary retrospective cohort study
2016, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology
To determine (1) the prevalence of candidal carriage in patients with oral mucosal disease to be treated with topical immunosuppressive therapy, and (2) the incidence of oral candidiasis among carriers and noncarriers after initiation of therapy to assess any correlation between carriage and the development of candidiasis.
Records of patients who underwent swab cultures for Candida between January 2009 and October 2014 at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, were retrospectively reviewed. The prevalence of candidal carriage and incidence of candidiasis were determined by using descriptive statistics.
Of 99 evaluable patients, 20 (20.2%) were Candida positive and 79 (79.8%) were Candida negative. Of 44 patients with follow-up, 7 (15.9%) were Candida positive and 37 (84.1%) were Candida negative; five (11.4%) developed candidiasis. Four of seven (57.1%) Candida-positive patients developed candidiasis, whereas only one of 37 (2.7%) Candida-negative patients developed candidiasis (P = .0012).
The overall prevalence of candidal carriage was low (20.2%), and there was a significant difference in the incidence of candidiasis between carriers and noncarriers (P = .0012) after topical immunosuppressive therapy. Therefore, patients who are candidal carriers should be monitored closely for the development of secondary candidiasis and may be candidates for prophylactic antifungal therapy.
Nanobody-mediated neutralization of candidalysin prevents epithelial damage and inflammatory responses that drive vulvovaginal candidiasis pathogenesis
2024, mBio
Pathophysiological microenvironments in oral candidiasis
2024, APMIS
Antifungal Activity of Plant Secondary Metabolites on Candida albicans: An Updated Review
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^a: Formerly Consultant Senior Lecturer in Oral Medicine and Pathology; now Reader in Oral Biology, Oral Biology Unit, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong.

View full text

Oral mycoses in HIV infection

Abstract

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Am J Med

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

FEMS Microbiol Lett

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol

Infectious complications of AIDS

AIDS and the mouth

Clinical oral microbiology

Classification of oral candidosis

Classification and clinical manifestations of oral yeast infections

Acta Odontol Scand

Ecology and epidemiology of Candida

Oral candidosis: predisposing factors and pathogenesis

Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles

MMWR

An outbreak of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men

Ann Intern Med

Opportunistic infection in previously healthy women: initial manifestations of a community-acquired cellular immunodeficiency

Ann Intern Med

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency

N Engl J Med

An outbreak of community acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction

N Engl J Med

Oral candidiasis in high risk patients as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

N Engl J Med

Oral candidosis in HIV infection

Lancet

Oral health component of a national surveillance program of HIV-infected veterans: a pilot study [Abstract]

Clinical and microbiological analysis of oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients

J Dent Res

Oral manifestations of HIV infection in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men [Abstract]

Oral lesions and immune functions with and without HIV infection

J Dent Res

Oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia among HIV-infected IV drug abusers [Abstract]

In vitro susceptibilities and biotypes of Candida albicans isolates from the oral cavities of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

J Clin Microbiol

Oral disease and HIV infection [Abstract]

Orofacial manifestations of a group of British patients infected with HIV-1

J Oral Pathol Med

Oral manifestations of HIV infection in 75 Dutch patients

J Oral Pathol Med

Oral lesions in 327 anti-HIV positive subjects [Abstract]

Oral manifestations of HIV infection in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire [Abstract]

Occurrence of oral pathology among different risk groups of HIV infected patients [Abstract]

Oral pathology in 105 HIV-reactive patients in Buenos Aires [Abstract]

Oral manifestations of HIV infection in African patients [Abstract]

Oral manifestations of HIV infection in children [Abstract]

Incidence of opportunistic infection in 196 children with symptomatic AIDS in Kinshasa [Abstract]

Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis in paediatric AIDS [Abstract]

Oral lesions in children with HIV infection [Abstract]

Oral findings in 23 patients with antibodies against HIV

Tandlagebladet

Low prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in HIV-1 seropositive African women

J Oral Pathol Med

Prevalence of oral lesions among HIV infected intravenous drug abusers and other risk groups

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol