Mini-reviewThe development of Cop 1 (Copaxone®), and innovative drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: personal reflections
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A differential sex-specific pattern of IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) induced by glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients
2019, Multiple Sclerosis and Related DisordersCitation Excerpt :The immunogenicity of GA may vary depending on its residue molar ratio composition (Campos-Garcia et al., 2017). Initially, the efficacy of GA in the suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) was demonstrated (Arnon, 1996; Teitelbaum et al., 1971). It is known that GA binds to proteins of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) (Fridkis-Hareli et al., 1994), which promotes a cellular shift from pro-inflammatory Th1 to anti-inflammatory Th2 phenotype (Vieira et al., 2003) as well as a consequent change in the cytokine profile (Miller et al., 1998; Neuhaus et al., 2000).
Glatiramer Acetate: From Bench to Bed and Back
2016, Translational Neuroimmunology in Multiple Sclerosis: From Disease Mechanisms to Clinical ApplicationsInterferon Beta and Glatiramer Acetate Therapy
2013, NeurotherapeuticsImmune modulating peptides for the treatment and suppression of multiple sclerosis
2012, Clinical ImmunologyCitation Excerpt :It is believed that they work primarily by inducing an anti-inflammatory response [16]. Another commonly used therapeutic agent is glatiramer acetate (Copaxone), which is a polymer made up of a random mixture of four amino acids (alanine, glutamic acid, lysine, and tyrosine) [17]. The proposed mechanism of action of Copaxone is the diversion of the T cell response from type-1 (TH1) to type-2 helper (TH2) T cells.
Interferon-β but not Glatiramer acetate stimulates CXCL10 secretion in primary cultures of thyrocytes: A clue for understanding the different risks of thyroid dysfunctions in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with either of the two drugs
2011, Journal of NeuroimmunologyCitation Excerpt :The currently available treatments for MS include immunosuppressive agents as well as immunomodulators, such as several recombinant variants of interferon beta, namely IFNβ-1b (Johnson et al., 1990) and IFNβ-1a (PRISMS, 1998). More recently, a non-interferon compound, namely Glatiramer acetate (also called copolymer-1, Cop-1, GLAT or Copaxone®) was approved for the treatment of MS (Arnon, 1996). The drug consists of random polymers of four amino acids (glutamic acid, lysine, alanine and tyrosine) present in high concentrations in myelin basic protein.