Continuing educationNMR relaxation of protons in tissues and other macromolecular water solutions
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2023, NeuroImageCitation Excerpt :Mouse studies have connected VBM changes to altered dendritic spine density: Aversive, stressful stimulation, like auditory fear conditioning (Keifer et al., 2015) or restraint (Kassem et al., 2013) led to volumetric changes, measured with volumetric MRI (Kassem et al., 2013) or VBM (Keifer et al., 2015), which were correlated with spike density changes in functionally relevant regions, such as amygdala and insula (Keifer et al., 2015) as well as ACC (Kassem et al., 2013). Synaptic and dendritic plasticity may be detectable after minutes to hours (Johansen-Berg et al., 2012); however, we would expect subtle T1 shortening from such processes due to an increase in the amount of membranes and macromolecules and concomitantly reduced water content (Fullerton et al., 1982) whereas longer T1 values were observed in both groups with masks thresholded at GM probabilities ≤0.3. Changes to dendritic morphology may further be accompanied by migration or swelling of capillaries and glia in order to compensate for heightened energy demand resulting in increased tissue volume, which manifests itself as GMV changes detected by VBM (Lövdén et al., 2013).
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2020, Academic RadiologyCitation Excerpt :Magnetic resonance signals are closely related to the distribution and state of water molecules. With reference to MRI, free water shows a longer relaxation time than bound water (40). Therefore, the intensity of an MRI signal can effectively reflect the distribution and state of water molecules in tissues and cells.