Residual debris and bond strength—Is there a relationship?

doi:10.1016/0889-5406(88)90031-5

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

Volume 94, Issue 3, September 1988, Pages 222-230

https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(88)90031-5 Get rights and content

Abstract

A study was undertaken to test the theory that there is a relationship between bond strength at the separate interfaces of the direct bonding and the amount of residual debris remaining on the enamel surface following removal of a bonded appliance. In separate experiments, shear loads were applied at the complete direct bonding system and at the separate interfaces—namely, those at the adhesive/enamel and the adhesive/bracket base—using a chemically cured and a visible light-cured materials in combination with two designs of bracket bases. An assessment of residual debris following bond failure was made. For the complete direct bonding system, analysis showed that a foil mesh/chemically cured adhesive combination produces significantly more residual debris on the enamel than any other combination (P < 0.05). No significant differences (P > 0.05) in shear bond strengths were detected for any bracket base/adhesive/enamel combination. Furthermore, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were detected between the shear bond strengths at the adhesive/enamel and adhesive/bracket base interfaces. These results suggest that the amount of residual debris following removal of the bonded bracket is not related to the shear bond strength at the separate interfaces but is governed by factors caused by bracket base design and properties of the adhesive used.

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Reliability of qualitative and quantitative assessment of adhesive remnants after debonding of ceramic brackets bonded with Transbond™XT on human molar teeth: An in vitro study
2022, International Orthodontics
To test the hypothesis that there are any differences between qualitative and quantitative methods of adhesive remnants index (ARI) scores on the buccal surfaces of the upper molar.
The study included 34 upper first human molars. After etching for 20 seconds by using 35% orthophosphoric acid (Ultra-Etch, Ultradent Products Inc., USA) and then rinsed with distilled water for 15 seconds, the adhesive (Transbond™XT, 3M™, USA) was applied and cured with the polymerization lamp (Bluephase Style, Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein) for 10 seconds. Ceramic brackets (Damon® Clear™, Ormco, USA) were placed by composite (Transbond™XT, 3M™, USA) on the buccal surface of the molars. Following 24-hour storage of the samples in distilled water (WB-12, Phoenix Instrument, Gabsen, Germany) at 37 °C, the brackets were debonded using a debonding plier (Damon Clear Debonding Plier, Ormco, USA). ARI and a modified ARI-scoring system were used. Three independent observers scored the ARI with the naked eye under 10x, 20x, and 32x magnifications using Stereomicroscope Stemi DV4 (Zeiss, Germany). Afterward, the digital microscope VHX-5000 (Keyence, Japan) under 50x magnification was used for the quantitative analysis of the adhesive remnants by just one evaluator. The Fleiss’ Kappa-coefficient test was used to assess interrupter reliability.
Fleiss’ Kappa-coefficient test show that the highest amount of agreement between observers is observed using the naked eye for both of the scoring methods P < 0.001. Increasing the magnification led to the moderate decrease of inter-observer agreement. For evaluations with naked eye, a higher agreement is observed for the modified ARI score compared to the ARI scored. The agreement between the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the ARI score rose with increasing magnification.
The assessment of adhesive remnants should be done either with naked eye or under 10x magnification, as they showed the highest rate of intra-observer agreement.
Effect of sandblasting on the shear bond strength of recycled metal brackets: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in-vitro studies
2021, International Orthodontics
Citation Excerpt :
However, the focus should be to reduce the frequency of bond failures. Manufacturers have tried to improve bracket base morphology by treating the bracket base with materials [59–62]. Bracket base treatments such as microetching to increase surface area leads to an increase in SBS [30,32].
Sandblasting is an efficient and economic method of rebonding brackets. Literature is divided regarding the Shear Bond Strength (SBS) associated with sandblasted brackets. Hence this systematic review was conducted to obtain conclusive evidence on the same. The aim was to compare the SBS between sandblasted brackets bonded to extracted human teeth and new brackets bonded on extracted teeth that have not been previously bonded.
The following databases were searched up to April 30, 2021: PubMed via Medline, Web of Science, LILACS, Cochrane, EMBASE and Scopus. Articles comparing SBS of a new bracket with that of a rebonded bracket following sandblasting were included. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias which was based on a modification of the Risk Of Bias In Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions Tool (ROBINS-I). SBS data generated from the systematic review was summarized and a meta-analysis using random effects inverse-generic model was done.
Sixteen studies generated 521 samples for the new bracket group and 391 samples for the sandblasted group. These sixteen studies showed a low risk of bias. Meta analysis reported the mean difference between the SBS of new and sandblasted brackets to be 0.85. (95 CI of −0.24 to 1.94). This difference can be clinically disregarded. The high degree of heterogeneity indicated by an I² of 87% led to a subgroup analysis.
With the studies showing a high quality of evidence, it can be concluded that sandblasting is an efficient means of recycling debonded brackets without affecting SBS. The inherent deficiencies of in vitro bond strength studies should be borne in mind when making this conclusion. The study protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (Reg no: CRD42020193616).
Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of metallic brackets bonded with two different bonding agents under dry conditions and with saliva contamination
2017, Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
This study compared the shear bond strength of metallic brackets bonded with Single Bond and Assure bonding agents under dry and saliva-contamination conditions.
Sixty sound premolar teeth were selected, and stainless-steel brackets were bonded on enamel surfaces with Single Bond and Assure bonding agents under dry condition or with saliva contamination. Shear bond strength values of brackets were measured in a universal testing machine. The adhesive remnant index scores were determined after debonding of the brackets under a stereomicroscope. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze bond strength. Two-by-two comparisons were made with post hoc Tukey tests (p < 0.001). Frequencies of adhesive remnant index scores were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test.
Bond strength values of brackets to tooth structure were 9.29 ± 8.56 MPa and 21.25 ± 8.93 MPa with the use of Assure resin bonding agent under saliva-contamination and dry conditions, respectively. These values were 10.13 ± 6.69 MPa and 14.09 ± 6.6 MPa, respectively, under the same conditions with the use of Single Bond adhesive. Contamination with saliva resulted in a significant decrease in the bond strength of brackets to tooth structure with the application of Assure adhesive resin (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the adhesive remnant index scores between the study groups.
Application of Single Bond and Assure bonding agents resulted in adequate bond strength of brackets to tooth structures. Contamination with saliva significantly decreased the bond strength of Assure bonding agent compared with dry conditions.
The effect of orthodontic adhesive and bracket-base design in adhesive remnant index on enamel
2015, Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists
Citation Excerpt :
Most of the composite resin was left on the bracket when brackets were debonded, meaning that the bond failure occurred purely or primarily at the adhesive–enamel interface. The ARI is dependent not only on the adhesive type [29] but also on the type of bracket base used [30,31]. Bishara et al. [32], in an attempt to compare the shear bond strength of two different mesh-base designs, found no significant difference in ARIs.
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of bracket-base design and adhesive on adhesive remnant index (ARI) and enamel surface area covered by adhesive.
The sample consisted of 32 recently extracted premolars. The teeth were randomly assigned to one of four groups: conventional mesh base and composite resin; laser-etched base and composite resin; conventional mesh base and resin-modified glass ionomer; and laser-etched base and resin-modified glass ionomer. After a week, all brackets were debonded. The debonded bracket-base surface and the buccal surface of each tooth were studied under the microscope, and the remaining adhesive was scored using the ARI. The extent of coverage of the tooth by adhesive remnants was also calculated, outlining the different areas of adhesive.
A Fisher's exact test indicated significant differences between the groups. The adhesive resin group showed the highest ARI scores independent of the bracket-base design, whereas between the two bracket-base designs, the laser-etched bracket design showed higher ARI. ARI scores reliably depict the extent of enamel covered by adhesive compared with the measurement of the actual area covered.
Varying the bracket base and adhesive may result in different ARI scores, which can affect the enamel surface during debonding.
Effect of water contamination on the shear bond strength of self-ligating brackets
2013, Oral Science International
Citation Excerpt :
In the present investigation, the evaluation of the ARI scores indicated no significant difference in bond-failure site among the 10 groups. A previous investigation [22] suggested that the amount of residual composite might not be related to shear bond strength but it is governed by factors caused by bracket base design and properties of the adhesive. The brackets tested in the present study recorded ARI scores of “2” and “3”.
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of water contamination on the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) score of self-ligating brackets.
One conventional bracket and three different self-ligating brackets were bonded onto 160 bovine permanent mandibular incisors, divided randomly into 8 groups. For each type of bracket, 20 samples were bonded on dry enamel and 20 after water contamination. After 24 h, all specimens were tested for SBS using an Instron Universal Testing Machine, and ARI scores were evaluated.
All groups showed clinically adequate SBSs. Quick brackets bonded onto dry enamel showed significantly higher SBSs than all other groups tested, whereas the lowest shear strength values were recorded for Step, Quick, and Damon 3MX brackets bonded onto contaminated enamel and for Damon 3MX onto dry enamel. Frequency distribution of ARI Scores showed a prevalence of ARI “2” and “3” for all the groups tested.
Water contamination reduces the SBS of self-ligating brackets, but significant differences have been found only for Quick brackets. All groups showed a significant higher frequency of ARI Score of “2” and “3”.
The effect of different mechanical retention forms on shear bond strength of rebonding of ceramic brackets
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^☆: Based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the MSc degree at the Turner Dental School, University of Manchester.

^∗: Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics.

^∗∗: Senior Lecturer, Department of Biomaterials.

^∗∗∗: Consultant, Department of Orthodontics.

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Residual debris and bond strength—Is there a relationship?☆

Abstract

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