Chapter 36 - Role of the Adipocyte in Metabolism and Endocrine Function

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    Other parameters of obesity that were postulated to be superior to traditional measurement of obesity were lipid accumulation product (LAP) and Visceral Adipose Tissue Index (VAI). LAP is an index of lipid accumulation, which is computed from WC and triglycerides (TG) of which the later represents increased lipotoxicity [7]. Ectopic lipid accumulation eventually leads to insulin resistance.

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    Besides, higher concentration of IL-6 was reported in another study on lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A and LPS when treated with BM.89 TNF-α is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation that is produced by macrophages, monocytes, NK cells (Natural killer cells), endothelial cells, neutrophils, smooth muscle cells, activated lymphocytes, mast cells, astrocytes, neurons and adipocytes.90 Most significantly, LPS induced TNF-α production in mononuclear cells are inhibited by the triterpenoid and the bacoside enriched fraction of BM.

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