Physiology in medicineNitric oxide and intestinal inflammation
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Homeostatic function of nitric oxide
Nitric oxide is synthesized from a guanidino group of L-arginine and can be produced by virtually all mammalian cells, including endothelium lining the vasculature, neurons of the central and enteric nervous system, and cells of the immune system 2, 3. Nitric oxide is constitutively produced by two distinct enzymes: an enzyme normally present primarily in endothelium lining the vasculature (eNOS), and a neurally–associated NO synthase found in neurons of the brain and enteric nervous system
Nitric oxide and acute inflammation: role as antioxidant
Many studies have documented that in acute inflammatory models, inhibition of endogenous NO exacerbates injury 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and exogenous NO protects the gastrointestinal mucosa against noxious stimuli 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. The mechanisms are poorly understood, however. Certainly the improvement in blood flow associated with increased NO delivery would be an important factor in countering the compromised blood flow due to damaging effects of lumen-based insults such as HCl
Nitric oxide in subacute and chronic inflammation
iNOS is an enzyme whose expression in endothelium, epithelium, and inflammatory cells requires protein synthesis, is induced by cytokines and LPS, and produces large amounts of NO for extended periods of time (3). Based on the essential role of NO under normal conditions and the beneficial effect of NO under acute inflammatory conditions, it is conceivable that more NO would be beneficial regardless of its source. Indeed, iNOS may be an endogenous mechanism to increase local NO levels, minimize
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