ReviewWhiplash: a review of a commonly misunderstood injury
Section snippets
Whiplash symptoms
Patients presenting with whiplash injuries offer a significant challenge, as their symptoms are often out of proportion to objective findings. It is generally not possible to identify the injury in the acute phase even when expensive imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are utilized 18, 19, 20, 21, 22. MRI of the brain and neck of patients within 2 days of whiplash injury revealed no differences between patients and controls (18). In another
Mechanism of whiplash injury
Whiplash injury most commonly results from an automobile accident in which the injured person is in a stationary vehicle that is struck from behind 28, 29. Historically, it was presumed that the rear impact caused the head and neck to be forced into a hyperextended position. The rear impact forces the vehicle to move forward, causing the seat to push forward on the torso and shoulders. As the head and neck are generally less constrained, the inertia causes the head to lag behind, which results
Treatment options for whiplash injury
Many treatment modalities have been used for patients suffering from whiplash injury. Unfortunately, many of these treatments have not undergone sufficient clinical trials to confirm their effectiveness 51, 52. Whiplash injuries are difficult to treat because the patient’s complaints are often subjective, and it is not usually possible to verify the source of the injury using clinical or radiographic methods 18, 19, 20, 21, 22. As with any treatment, the patients should first be well informed
Conclusion
Whiplash injury is a relatively common occurrence that is often either ignored or mistreated owing to a lack of understanding of the condition. It is important for physicians to understand the biomechanical basis of the injury and to accept that the patient may not have many objective findings. Numerous biomechanics studies have been performed to help describe and quantify the actual mechanism of injury involved in whiplash. It is the physician’s responsibility to identify patients suffering
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Review of peridynamic modelling of material failure and damage due to impact
2021, International Journal of Impact EngineeringCitation Excerpt :In space, debris and dust impact on solar arrays can cause short circuiting, which can, consequently, end the operational life of orbital satellites [5]. Whiplash from the impact of cars during the road accidents can cause debilitating injuries that could potential lead to permanent disability and discomfort, which accounted an estimated annual cost of $4 billion in the USA and €10 billion in Europe [6,7]. Studies have been conducted that look into mitigating whiplash injuries by introducing new car seat designs [8].
Frequency of Primary Neck Pain in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury/Concussion Patients
2020, Archives of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationMedicolegal issues in whiplash injury
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