Clinically relevant approach to failure testing of all-ceramic restorations☆,☆☆
Section snippets
Ceramics supported by dentin
Elementary beam theory cannot be used to examine a cemented crown or to predict its clinical behavior. Homogeneous all-ceramic restorations consist of a layer of ceramic (approximately 1.0 to 2.0 mm thick) atop a layer of cement (approximately 30 to 120 μm thick) supported by a thickness of dentin (Fig. 1).
Clinical contact stresses
Loaded restorations and teeth develop features that have come to be called “wear facets.” Clinicians recognize that wear facets are usually not point contacts, but have dimensions of approximately 0.5 to 3.0 mm in diameter. Unfortunately, the sizes and size distributions of wear facets does not appear to have been documented in the literature, except for anthropologic studies of aboriginal populations38, 39 and hominid remains.40, 41 However, the size of this contact area along with the loads
Producing the appropriate crack system
The use of large balls (>40 mm in diameter) to load all-ceramic prostheses is unrealistic for laboratory experimentation. However, large radii can be machined onto the ends of steel pistons to create contact stresses and contact areas within the target range calculated previously, based on clinical observations and measurements. Flat pistons should be avoided because they can become edge-loading as the ceramic deforms slightly beneath the piston. Another benefit to large radii is that contact
CONCLUSIONS
Significant differences were found between the failure behavior created during traditional load-to-failure tests and that observed to have occurred during clinical failure of all-ceramic restorations. Traditional loading conditions created contact stresses that favor the formation of median-lateral crack systems, Hertzian cone cracks, and localized crushing damage: None of which are reported to cause the bulk failure of clinical all-ceramic restorations. Thus, it appears that traditional
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Reprint requests to: Dr J. Robert Kelly, Dental and Medical Materials Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Mail Stop 8545, Gaithersburg, Md 20899-8545,Fax: (301)963-9143,E-MAIL: [email protected]
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