In vitro stability of free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) complexed to α1-antichymotrypsin in blood samples
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Understanding preanalytical variables and their effects on clinical biomarkers of oncology and immunotherapy
2018, Seminars in Cancer BiologyCitation Excerpt :Levels of the surface receptor CD40 decreased with both the duration and temperature of delay in plasma [199], and was also affected by centrifugation speed during plasma processing [182], as well as a post-centrifugation delay in serum processing [200]. Prostate stimulating antigen (PSA) (free, total, and ACT) was stable in serum, heparin and EDTA whole blood for up to 4 h at room temperature [201], although significant declines were observed in free PSA after a 5.5 h delay [201], and free and total PSA after a 1 h delay at 37 °C [202]. Plasma levels of IFNɣ declined when the delay to processing occurred at room temperature, while biospecimens stored at 4 °C remained stable [203].
Total and Free PSA, PCA3, PSA Density and Velocity
2016, Prostate Cancer: Science and Clinical Practice: Second EditionEmerging PSA-based tests to improve screening
2014, Urologic Clinics of North AmericaCitation Excerpt :hK2 is a trypsin-like serine protease responsible for cleaving proPSA into its enzymatically active form during a cascade reaction which regulates seminal clot liquefaction. Although the concentration of hK2 in serum is about two orders of magnitude lower than that of PSA, the development of reliable assays for hK2 suggests that this kallikrein may potentially be used as a prostate cancer biomarker.58,72,99–110 Interestingly, whereas PSA is strongly expressed in benign epithelium, hK2 becomes strongly expressed in malignant tissue, particularly in high-grade prostate cancer cases.99,111–113
Defining prostate cancer risk before prostate biopsy
2013, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations