Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by hydroxychloroquine: mechanism of action and comparison with zidovudine
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2023, Chemico-Biological InteractionsRheumatoid arthritis and HIV-associated arthritis: Two sides of the same coin or different coins
2022, Best Practice and Research: Clinical RheumatologyCitation Excerpt :HCQ demonstrated anti-retroviral properties in one series; however, the doses used were much higher than used as standard of care in rheumatology practice [29]. It was postulated that the anti-retroviral properties of HCQ result from the drugs ability to increase the endosomal pH that inhibits the post-observational modification of glycoprotein (GP)120 [30–33]. This may be an added benefit to patients with RA and HIV infection.
In vitro ion channel profile and ex vivo cardiac electrophysiology properties of the R(-) and S(+) enantiomers of hydroxychloroquine
2022, European Journal of PharmacologyChloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of malaria and repurposing in treating COVID-19
2020, Pharmacology and TherapeuticsCitation Excerpt :Since CQ prevents endosomal acidification, the elevated pH level results in inhibition of lysosome functions, thereby inhibiting the activity of viruses such as influenza B virus (Shibata et al., 1983) and hepatitis A virus (M. A. A. Al-Bari, 2017). Second, CQ may inhibit the post-translational modification of the virus envelope glycoprotein by interfering with the activity of specific enzymes that require low pH (Chiang et al., 1996; Rolain, Colson, & Raoult, 2007). Another mechanism may be attributed to the immunomodulatory effect of CQ.
Antimalarials as Antivirals for COVID-19: Believe it or Not!
2020, American Journal of the Medical SciencesMolecular effects and retinopathy induced by hydroxychloroquine during SARS-CoV-2 therapy: Role of CYP450 isoforms and epigenetic modulations
2020, European Journal of PharmacologyCitation Excerpt :Potential antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been long used to prophylaxis and treatment of malaria (Warhurst et al., 2003). Although, administration of CQ and HCQ have extended to several inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and against some viruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and influenza (Chiang et al., 1996; Ooi et al., 2006). The current pandemy of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a high morbidity and mortality with 17, 189, 755 confirmed cases and 670,256 deaths until July 30, 2020 (worldometers, 2020).