Cytokines and chemoattractants in allergic inflammation
Section snippets
Role of cytokines in allergic inflammation
After the initial demonstration of the existence of type 1 T helper (Th1) and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells in mice (Mosmann and Coffman, 1989) and humans (Romagnani, 1994), both conceptual and experimental findings have supported the assumption that atopic diseases are the result of Th2-dominated responses to single or multiple environmental allergens. Th2 cells represent indeed the only cells in the immune system that can both directly recognize the allergen peptides via the T cell receptor
Importance of chemoattractants in allergic inflammation
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of about 40 small distinct, but structurally related, molecules that mainly regulate trafficking of leukocytes through interaction with a subset of transmembrane, G protein-coupled, receptors. A new nomenclature for different chemokines has recently been proposed (Murphy et al., 2000). Chemokines are relevant in allergy and asthma not only for their role in regulating leukocyte recruitment, but also for other activities, such as cellular
Therapeutic perspectives
The Th2 paradigm in allergy represents the conceptual basis for the development of novel non-allergen or allergen-specific therapeutic strategies. In patients with severe atopic disorders, the possibility of non-allergen-specific immunotherapeutic regimens designed to target Th2 cells or Th2-dependent effector molecules, such as Th2-specific transcription factors, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and/or their receptors, or IgE, are being considered. Biological agents or drugs targeting some of these
Concluding remarks
In the last ten years, strong evidence has accumulated to suggest that Th2-type T cell responses to “innocuous” environmental antigens (allergens) play a critical triggering role in the development of allergic inflammation. Th2 cells not only allow to explain the joint involvement of IgE-producing B cells (via IL-4 and IL-13), mast cells (via IL-4 and IL-10) and eosinophils (via IL-5) in the allergic inflammatory processes, but also account for other pathophysiologic features of both allergy
References (49)
- et al.
Reversal of human allergen-specific CRTH2+ Th2 cells by IL-12 or the PS-DSP30 oligodeoxynucleotide
J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.
(2001) New directions in allergic diseases: mechanism-based anti-inflammatory therapies
J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.
(2000)- et al.
The role of adhesion molecules in human eosinophils and basophils recruitment
J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.
(1994) - et al.
Divergent effects of interleukin-4 and interferon-γ on macrophage-derived chemokine production: an amplification circuit of polarized T helper 2 responses
Blood
(1998) - et al.
Are chemokines essential or secondary participants in allergic responses?
Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.
(2000) The role of lymphocytes in allergic disease
J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.
(2000)- et al.
Tryptase-chymase double-positive human mast cells express the eotaxin receptor CCR3 and are attracted by CCR3- binding chemokines
Am. J. Pathol.
(1999) - et al.
Conjugation of immunostimulatory DNA to the short ragweed allergen Amb a 1 enhances its immunogenicity and reduces its allergenicity
J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.
(2000) - et al.
Immunostimulatory DNA and applications to allergic disease
J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.
(1999) - et al.
The transcription factor GATA-3 is necessary and sufficient for Th2 cytokine gene expression in CD4 T cells
Cell
(1997)
Inhibition of allergic inflammation in a murine model of asthma by expression of a dominant-negative mutant of GATA-3
Immunity
Differential expression of chemokine receptors and chemotactic responsiveness of Th1 and Th2 cells
J. Exp. Med.
Highly-skewed cytokine profile of β-lactam-specific T cells from non-atopic subjects with adverse drug reactions
J. Immunol.
IL-4-independent induction of airway hyperresponsiveness by Th2, but not Th1, cells
J. Immunol.
T helper 1 cells and interferon regulate allergic airway inflammation and mucus production
J. Exp. Med.
CRTH2 is the most reliable marker for The detection of circulating human type 2 Th and type cytotoxic cells in health and disease
Eur. J. Immunol.
Chemokines and their receptors guiding T lymphocyte recruitment in lung inflammation
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
Interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13 act on human lung fibroblasts. Implication in asthma
J. Clin. Invest.
Macrophage-derived chemokine production by activated human T cells in vitro and in vivo: preferential association with the production of type 2 cytokines
Eur. J. Immunol.
Human IP-10 selectively promotes dominance of polyclonally activated and environmental antigen-driven IFN-g over IL-4 responses
FASEB J.
CD4+ T helper cells engineered to produce latent TGF-b1reverse allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity and inflammation
J. Clin. Invest.
Immunoglobulin E-independent major histocompatibility complex-restricted T cell peptide epitope-induced late asthmatic reactions
J. Exp. Med.
Chemokine receptor usage by human eosinophils. The importance of CCR3 demonstrated using an antagonistic monoclonal Antibody
J. Clin. Invest.
Cited by (308)
Role of mast cells activation in the tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy of cancers
2023, European Journal of PharmacologyProinflammatory cytokine profiles in prediabetic Saudi patients
2023, Saudi Journal of Biological SciencesThe blood proteomic signature of prurigo nodularis reveals distinct inflammatory and neuropathic endotypes: A cluster analysis
2023, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology