Elsevier

Clinics in Dermatology

Volume 14, Issue 6, November–December 1996, Pages 551-554
Clinics in Dermatology

Balneology, mineral water, and spas in historical perspective

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-081X(96)00083-1Get rights and content

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      Mineral springs have historically been sought out for their salubrious properties going back to early Greek and Roman times at least 2000 years ago. In the 18th and 19th centuries, mineral springs were often prescribed/used for the treatment of diseases by consumption and/or bathing at spas in Europe and the United States (e.g., Routh et al. 1996; Blatchley 1903). The NaCl concentrations in the springs sampled in this investigation vary by three orders of magnitude, ranging from about 30 mg/L for a fresh groundwater end member to about 48,000 mg/L for brine from a flowing artesian well near the Vermilion Salines (Sample 16).

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      The results of the thermotolerance assays are summarized in Table 3. Hot springs and spa are used for recreational purposes or wellness applications (Giampaoli and Romano Spica, 2014; Van Tubergen and van der Linden, 2002; Routh et al., 1996). The increasing the use of the sea for recreation has led to major concern regarding health hazards to both local and tourist populations (Fewtrell and Kay, 2015).

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      The spas were built where the spring appeared, because they knew that the water, when moving, lost its therapeutic properties. The spas were used for therapeutic purposes, but they were also used to maintain a good quality of life and a good physical form, in addition to being associated with culture and religion (Routh et al., 1996; Carretero, 2002; Carretero et al., 2006; Tateo and Summa, 2007; Carretero et al., 2013; Gomes, 2018). Moreover, salt lake water and seawater have also been used for therapeutic purposes since ancient times.

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