Morsures d’araignées : les aranéismes d’importance médicale

doi:10.1016/S0755-4982(05)83884-9

La Presse Médicale

Volume 34, Issue 1, January 2005, Pages 49-56

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0755-4982(05)83884-9 Get rights and content

Points essentiels

•
Un risque limité Bien que la quasi-totalité des espèces d’araignées soient venimeuses, une dizaine d’entre elles seulement sont susceptibles d’entraîner de véritables envenimations humaines.
•
Du point de vue systématique, on distingue les aranéomorphes, ou araignées “vraies”, des mygalomorphes. Il existe des espèces potentiellement toxiques pour l’homme dans les 2 groupes.
•
Concernant les araignées “vraies”, 2 envenimations sont remarquables par leur fréquence, leur ubiquité et leur éventuelle gravité : le latrodectisme (symptomatologie essentiellement neurologique) entraîné par la morsure des veuves du genre Latrodectus, et le loxoscelisme (symptomatologie cutanéo-viscérale).
•
Chez les mygalomorphes, les espèces australiennes responsables de l’atraxisme (symptomatologie neurologique) sont, à juste titre, considérées comme les araignées les plus dangereuses. La plupart des autres mygalomorphes n’entraînent, lors de morsures, que des problèmes loco-régionaux bénins.
•
Une arme défensive supplémentaire existe chez certaines espèces sud-américaines; il s’agit des soies urticantes susceptibles d’entraîner de sérieuses lésions oculaires.

Essential facts

•
Limited risks Although most species of spiders are venomous, only ten or so are able to induce human envenomations.
•
From a systematic point of view, it is possible to distinguish the araneomorph spiders – or “true” spiders – from the mygalomorph spiders. Dangerous species for humans can be found in both groups.
•
Regarding “true” spiders, two kinds of envenomation are frequent, ubiquitous and potentially severe: latrodectism (neurotoxic symptomatology) due to the Widow spiders of the Latrodectus species, and loxoscelism (viscero-cutaneous symptomatology).
•
Regarding the mygalomorph spiders, the Australian species responsible for atraxism (neurotoxic symptomatology) are considered as the most dangerous. Most of the other mygalomorph spiders, when they bite, only provoke benign loco regional problems.
•
A supplementary defensive weapon exists in certain South-American species: urticating hairs which may induce severe ocular damage.

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Cited by (12)

Pain-like behaviors and local mechanisms involved in the nociception experimentally induced by Latrodectus curacaviensis spider venom
2018, Toxicology Letters
Citation Excerpt :
Local painful manifestations of latrodectism may vary according to the etiologic agent. Whereas L. hasselti bites are immediately painful (Vetter and Isbister, 2008), L. tredecimguttatus bites are usually unnoticed, until local pain starts after several minutes (Pommier et al., 2005), suggesting the diversity of the nociceptive mechanisms of these venoms. In the present study, LCV inoculation in mice induced both immediate and long-lasting pronociceptive effects, possibly reflecting multiple mechanisms of action.
The present study was undertaken to characterize the behavioral manifestations of nociception and the local mechanisms involved with the nociceptive response elicited by Latrodectus curacaviensis venom (LCV) in mice. After the intraplantar LCV inoculation, spontaneous nociception, mechanical and thermal nociceptive thresholds, motor performance, edema and cytokine levels were evaluated using von Frey filaments, hot/cold plate, rota-rod, plethismometer and ELISA, respectively. Analysis of LCV was performed by SDS-PAGE and chromatography. Intraplantar injection of LCV (1–100 ng/paw) induced intense and heat-sensitive spontaneous nociception, mediated by serotonin and bradykinin receptors, TRPV1 channels, as well as by transient local inflammation. LCV (0.1–10 ng/paw) induced mechanical allodynia, which was reduced by the local pretreatment with H1 receptor or TRPV1 antagonists. Corroborating the TRPV1 involvement, in thermal nociception assays, LCV induced a similar response to that of capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist, facilitating the response to noxious hot stimuli and inhibiting the response to cold noxious stimulation. LCV promoted mast cell degranulation, increased IL-1β paw levels, but did not produce a relevant edematogenic effect. Analysis of LCV components showed a predominance of high molecular weight proteins. This work provides the first mechanistic hypothesis to explain the local pain induced by LCV, the most frequent clinical symptom of human envenomation.
Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis after spider bite in Maghreb
2014, Presse Medicale
Update on SENLAT syndrome: Scalp eschar and neck lymph adenopathy after a tick bite
2013, Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie
Le syndrome SENLAT, également connu sous les acronymes TIBOLA et DEBONEL, est une zoonose émergente en France. Le tableau clinique stéréotypé associe escarre du cuir chevelu et adénopathies cervicales inflammatoires, sans altération de l’état général. Il survient plus souvent chez des femmes et des enfants, pendant les saisons froides, au décours d’une piqûre par une tique du genre Dermacentor, vectrice de Rickettsia slovaca ou Rickettsia raoultii. Un prélèvement simple et non invasif au niveau de l’escarre par écouvillon sec « appuyé » ou extraction de croûte, est actuellement recommandé en première intention pour le diagnostic de certitude, compte tenu de sa meilleure sensibilité que la sérologie dans cette maladie. Le traitement repose sur la doxycycline, en l’absence de contre-indications.
SENLAT syndrome, also known as TIBOLA/DEBONEL, is an emerging disease in France. The major symptoms are necrotic eschar on the scalp associated with painful cervical lymphadenopathy. It occurs mainly in women and children during the cold seasons after a bite by a Dermacentor tick, responsible for transmitting Rickettsia slovaca or Rickettsia raoultii. Cutaneous swabs are safe, easy and reliable tools that should be used routinely by physicians to confirm diagnosis. In this particular disease, they should be preferred to serology, which is less sensitive. Doxycycline is the antibiotic of choice for this syndrome.
A case of necrotic arachnidism evocative of loxoscelism in Southern France
2012, Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie
Arachnidism in dermatology: A difficult diagnosis?
2010, Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie
Latrodectism in Corsica about 28 cases
2009, Revue de Medecine Interne

View all citing articles on Scopus

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ToxicologieMorsures d’araignées : les aranéismes d’importance médicaleSpider bites: medically severe araneism

Points essentiels

Essential facts

Toxicon

Curr Surg

Wild Environm Med

Arch Pédiatr

Toxicon

Toxicon

Am J Emerg Med

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg

Toxicon

Ann Emerg Med

Toxicon

Toxicon

Toxicon

Les Araignées

The dangers of pet tarantulas: experience of the Marseilles Poison Centre

J Toxicol Clin Toxicol

Envenomation: a real risk of keeping exotic house pets

Vet Human Toxicol

Les araignées et autres arachnides et leur commerce

Bull Soc Zool Fr

Trois observations originales d’aranéisme dans le sud de la France

Réanim Soins Intens Méd Urg

Neurotoxic envenomings by an immigrant spider (Steatoda nobilis) in Southern England

Toxicon

Venins d’araignées

Antivenoms for the treament of spider envenomation

J Toxicol Toxin Rev

Le latrodectisme dans le sud de la France: une série d’observations du Centre Anti-poisons de Marseille

Presse Med

Le latrodectisme à Madagascar

Méd Trop (Mars)

Latrodectism: a prospective cohort study of bites by formally identified redback spiders

Med J Aust

Estudo retrospectivo de latrodectismo na Bahia. Brasil

Rev Soc Brasil Med Trop

Le latrodectisme: une cause rare de rhabdomyolyse

Presse Med

Danno miocardico dopo morso de Latrodectus tredecimguttatus in un paziente di 16 anni

G Ital Cardiol

Acute renal failure following latrodectism

Vet Hum Toxicol

Toxicologie
Morsures d’araignées : les aranéismes d’importance médicaleSpider bites: medically severe araneism