History of kidney stones as a possible risk factor for chronic kidney disease
Introduction
The lifetime prevalence of kidney stones is about 9% in men and nearly 4% in women over the age of thirty in the United States (1). Most people who experience an episode of stones will have at least one recurrence and some will suffer repeated bouts that may increase the likelihood of renal damage from obstruction or surgery (2).
The effect of kidney stones on deterioration of renal function has not been extensively studied in the epidemiologic literature. Stones that result from chronic urinary tract infection with urease-containing bacteria (struvite nephrolithiasis) can cause considerable renal damage and if untreated can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) 3., 4., 5.. But this type of kidney stone accounts for only 15% to 20% of all kidney stones (6). Results from small clinic-based studies of the more common calcium stones are conflicting 7., 8., 9.. Furthermore these studies failed to account for important confounding variables or potential effect modifiers.
We used data from a case-control study to measure associations between self-reported history of kidney stones and newly diagnosed chronic kidney disease. We also compared these associations among hypertensive and non-hypertensive study participants.
Section snippets
Methods
We used data from a case-control study examining several possible risk factors for chronic kidney disease. This study has been described in detail elsewhere (10). Briefly, the study population consisted of hospital patients and community controls, aged 30 to 79 years, residing in North Carolina between 1980 and 1982.
Cases were patients from one of four North Carolina medical centers with newly diagnosed chronic kidney disease, identified by an initial broad review of kidney-related ICD-9
Results
The mean age of our study population was 62 years (range, 30–83 years), 56% were male and 54% were white. As expected, age, race, and sex distributions of cases and controls were almost identical (Table 1). Cases, however, were more likely than controls to have an annual income less than $10,000, have a lower level of education, use analgesic medications daily, and consume cola on a daily basis. In addition, cases were more likely to have a history of kidney stones, gout, pyelonephritis,
Discussion
Our data suggest that kidney stones are associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease, especially for interstitial nephritis and diabetic nephropathy. When we stratified by hypertensive status, associations remained strong among persons with no known hypertension, but largely disappeared among those with hypertension.
Chronic kidney disease is frequently seen among patients with kidney stones; an estimated 10% to 15% of these patients eventually progress to chronic kidney failure
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2018, Biomedicine and PharmacotherapyCitation Excerpt :Its treatment and morbidity are sources of considerable health care expenses. This condition has affected humans for centuries, affecting populations of almost every region, culture, and race [2]. Kidney stones may either produce no symptoms or they can cause severe pain with microscopic or frank hematuria, ureteric obstruction, and urinary infection.