Efficacy of three techniques in cleaning the apical portion of curved root canals

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Various techniques for root canal instrumentation may have different effects in cleaning curved root canals, especially their apical portions. One hundred thirty-five mesiobuccal canals with an average curvature of 25 degrees from human mandibular molars were treated with step-back, crown-down pressureless, or balanced-force techniques with 2% sodium hypochlorite used as an irrigant. The cleaning efficacy of these techniques was evaluated by counting the remaining surface debris under a stereomicroscope with a calibrated eyepiece micrometer. The results indicated that the apical portion of the canal was less clean than the middle and coronal portions regardless of the technique performed and that the balanced-force technique produced a cleaner apical portion of the canal than did the other techniques studied.

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    However, the 3 cases of type II grooves are less amenable to treatment because their canal systems are extruded into a C-shape by the deep grooves. The C-shaped canal system does not allow thorough cleaning, disinfection, shaping, and obturation, especially in the apical third, yet this is an important determinant of a good prognosis of endodontic treatment (17). Irrespective of the clinician's expertise and whether a nickel-titanium rotary system or conventional stainless steel hand files are used, a large proportion of the canal surface will remain untouched after instrumentation (18).

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