Genetic similarity of Puumala viruses found in Finland and western Siberia and of the mitochondrial DNA of their rodent hosts suggests a common evolutionary origin
Introduction
The Hantavirus genus (family Bunyaviridae) includes viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The hantavirus genome consists of a tripartite, single-strand, negative-sense RNA surrounded by a lipid membrane with two surface glycoproteins, G1 and G2. The large (L), medium (M) and small (S) genomic segments encode the viral polymerase, the glycoprotein precursor and the nucleocapsid protein, respectively (Schmaljohn et al., 1986, Schmaljohn et al., 1987, Schmaljohn, 1990).
There are four serologically distinct groups of hantaviruses causing HFRS, represented by Hantaan (HTN), Dobrava (DOB), Seoul (SEO) and Puumala (PUU) viruses (Avsic-Zupank et al., 1992, Lee et al., 1985, Schmaljohn et al., 1985, Sugiyama et al., 1987). They are isolated from the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), yellow-necked field mouse (Apodemus flavicollis), rats (Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus) and bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), respectively.
HTN, DOB, SEO and PUU viruses cause the various clinical forms of HFRS characterized by fever, renal failure and, in severe cases, hemorrhagic manifestations. The mortality of HFRS varies from 0.2 to 10%, depending largely upon which hantavirus caused the infection (Schmaljohn and Hjelle, 1997).
In 1993 in the United States, the existence of another hantavirus-associated human disease, called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), was reported. The predominant rodent host of the first HPS-causing virus identified, Sin Nombre virus (SN), is the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) (Childs et al., 1994). Since the discovery of SNV, numerous other hantaviruses able to cause HPS have been identified in North and South America (Enria et al., 2001, Rhodes et al., 2000) and hantaviruses not known to cause either HFRS or HPS have been found worldwide (Parrington and Kang, 1990, Plyusnin et al., 1994).
HFRS is endemic in Russia where approximately four cases per 100,000 people occur annually. However, the level of morbidity differs greatly in various parts of Russia. Thus, only a few cases of HFRS were detected in western Siberia over 20 years, although Clethrionomys species, the main carriers of PUU virus, are abundant in this territory, and findings of hantaviral antigens in rodents were reported repeatedly (Miasnikov et al., 1987, Miasnikov et al., 1992). In contrast, Bashkortostan, which is close to the western Siberian part of central Russia, has the highest rate of HFRS morbidity in Russia (58.3 per 100,000 of population) (Tkachenko et al., 1998). The goal of this study was to determine the type of hantavirus circulating in western Siberia. This study also suggests new information with regard to the evolutionary history of hantaviruses and their carriers.
Section snippets
Trapping and processing of rodents
Samples were obtained from rodents trapped in four locations of the Omsk region in a conifer forest (southern taiga). In addition, several samples from bank voles, C. glareolus, grey red-backed voles, Clethrionomys rufocanus and northern red-backed voles, C. rutilus from several other regions of Russia: Nizhniy Novgorod, Samara, Novosibirsk regions, Bashkortostan, Polar Ural and far east (Khabarovsk region) were used (Fig. 1). Animals were live-trapped (5–10 m between traps), humanely killed,
Detection of viral RNA in rodent samples
A total of 678 rodents representing eight species were trapped. They included (total/ELISA-positive/PCR-positive): C. glareolus—161 (23.7%)/9/6, C. rufocanus—109 (16.1%)/6/3, C. rutilus—306 (45.1%)/3/0, A. agrarius—26 (3.8%), Microtus arvalis—2 (0.3%), M. agrestis—43 (6.3%), M. oeconomus—30 (4.4%) and Micromys minutus—1 (0.1%).
Nine of the lung suspensions from the Omsk samples (CG144, CG315, CG463, CG168, CG215, CG222, CRF308, CRF366 and CRF161) were found to have viral RNA when M-segment
Discussion
Until recently, the diversity of hantaviruses to the east of the Ural mountains in Russia was unknown. Even their presence in Siberia was questioned, as there were no confirmed cases of human disease associated with hantaviruses in this area for over 20 years. A study (Vapalahti et al., 1999) of Siberian lemmings in the arctic tundra (Yamal peninsula, western Siberia) established the existence of a novel hantavirus, Topografov virus. However, because the lemmings’ habitat is generally limited
Acknowledgements
This work was performed while the author (A.D.) held a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). We are indebted to the University of Alaska Museum Mammal Collection for providing materials for this study. The authors thank Dr. L.I. Ivanov, Khabarovsk Anti-plague Station, for providing the sample of rodent’s lung tissue. We are grateful to Tricia Lewis for help
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