Original articleRisk Factors for Five-Year Incident Age-related Macular Degeneration: The Reykjavik Eye Study
Section snippets
Methods
The Reykjavik Eye Study is a population-based prospective cohort study of age-related eye disease. Detailed description of grading methods, κ values, and quality assurance for ARM can be found in our previous articles on prevalence7 and five-year incidence of AMD.8 Ethical approval was obtained from the Data Protection Commission and the National Bioethics Committee in Iceland in accordance with the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration. The National Bioethics Committee also acts as
Results
The annual risk of developing ARM changes is shown in Table 2. The average increase in risk for every one year after the age of 50 years is 7% to 9% for drusen, and 5% to 9% for pigmentary abnormalities. The average increase in risk for each year after 50 years is 21% for geographic atrophy. Similar analysis could not be performed for exudative AMD because only one person developed exudative AMD during the five years.
We calculated ORs for smoking using “ever” vs “never” smoker. We also analyzed
Discussion
The strengths of the current study are the high percentage of patients who were reexamined after five years, the fact that this is a random sample, and the consistency of data-gathering and grading techniques, as well as the fact that every person was examined within two months at baseline and again exactly five years later. The two data sets were graded within six months of each other by the same graders. The main weaknesses are relatively low study power, especially with regard to late AMD,
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Cited by (70)
A new perspective on lipid research in age-related macular degeneration
2018, Progress in Retinal and Eye ResearchDietary Intakes of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
2017, OphthalmologyCitation Excerpt :Among existing studies of the relation between intakes of long-chain n3 fatty acids or fish with early/intermediate AMD, 233,34 of 4 cross-sectional studies33–36 reported an inverse association, whereas 1 case-control study did not.37 In all 3 prospective cohort studies an inverse association was found.10–12 In particular, the 10-year prospective Women's Health Study, which has a similar study methodology to ours (e.g., a cohort of female health professionals, the same Willett FFQs and classification of AMD types)11 showed similar results (HR, 0.62, 95% CI, 0.44–0.86, for intake of DHA comparing tertile 3 [median, 230 mg/day] with tertile 1 [median, 60 mg/day]).
Diet and supplements in the prevention and treatment of eye diseases
2017, Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of DiseaseFive-year incidence, progression, and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: The age, gene/environment susceptibility study
2014, OphthalmologyCitation Excerpt :Several factors reported by some other studies as risk indicators, including hypertension, diabetes, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and omega-3 fatty acids/cod liver oil, were investigated in our analysis and were found to be unrelated to AMD status after considering age, sex, and smoking. Icelanders commonly consume cod liver daily, in addition to having a high intake of fish and fish products.42 Studies from populations where consumption of fish and fish products is much less common have reported omega-3 fatty acids to be protective against the development of early AMD, although findings from a recent clinical trial did not confirm this supposition.43,44
Supplemental Material available at AJO.com.
Supported in part by open Grants (all to F.J.) from St Joseph’s Hospital, Landakot Foundation, Reykjavik, Iceland; University National Hospital and University of Iceland Research Grant; and Helga Jonsdottir and Sigurlidi Kristjansson Memorial Research Fund.