Foods and Beverages Associated with Higher Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.036

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

Volume 44, Issue 4, April 2013, Pages 351-357

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.036 Get rights and content

Background

Although consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with higher caloric intakes, the amount SSBs contribute to higher intakes has not been addressed.

Purpose

To estimate the amount SSBs contribute to higher caloric intakes and determine how the diets of SSB consumers and nonconsumers differ.

Methods

The What We Eat In America, NHANES 2003–2010 surveys were combined into a sample of 13,421 children; analyses were conducted in December 2012. To determine the contribution of SSBs to higher caloric intakes, total non-SSB intake (food + non-SSB beverages) of SSB consumers and nonconsumers were compared using linear regression models controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors. Analyses also compared intakes between nonconsumers and SSB consumers with different amounts of SSB consumption.

Results

For children aged 2–5 years and 6–11 years, total non-SSB intakes did not differ between nonconsumers and SSB consumers at any level of SSB consumption, indicating that SSBs were primarily responsible for the higher caloric intakes among SSB consumers. A similar finding was observed among children aged 12–18 years; however, both food and SSB contributed to higher caloric intakes of adolescents consuming ≥500 kcal of SSBs. Among those aged 12–18 years, higher intakes of foods (e.g., pizza, burgers, fried potatoes, and savory snacks) and lower intakes of non-SSB beverages (e.g., fluid milk and fruit juice) were associated with increased SSB intake.

Conclusions

Sugar-sweetened beverages are primarily responsible for the higher caloric intakes of SSB consumers, and SSB consumption is associated with intake of a select number of food and beverage groups, some of which are often unhealthy (e.g., pizza and grain-based desserts).

Introduction

Increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) among children and adolescents is associated with higher caloric intake.1, 2, 3, 4 Given the increase in SSB consumption over the past 20 years,5, 6 the relationship between SSB intake and total energy intake is concerning. To date, the primary focus of SSB-related research has been on SSB intake itself or total energy intake; research is lacking on how overall diet is affected by SSB intake. The present study examines whether increased SSB intake is associated with food (“food” is used to indicate solid food throughout the paper) and non-SSB beverage intake.

One small study with children aged 6–13 years showed that consumption of any amount of sweetened beverages did not affect food intake, indicating that the sweetened beverages were responsible for increases in total daily energy intake.² Additionally, intake of milk was lower on days when >12 oz. of sweetened drinks were consumed. Consumption of SSBs has also been associated with lower intake of fruit⁷ and with fast-food intake.⁸ Associations between SSB consumption, particular food groups, dietary quality, and micro/macronutrients have previously been investigated4, 7, 8, 9, 10; however, a comprehensive assessment of foods and beverages associated with SSB consumption has yet to be undertaken. The primary aims of the current study were to determine the extent to which SSBs contribute to higher caloric intake of SSB consumers and to identify food and beverage groups from the overall diet that are associated with increased SSB consumption.

Section snippets

Study Population

The 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007–2008, and 2009–2010 What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)11, 12 were combined for this analysis; analyses were conducted in December 2012. All surveys were self-weighting, multistage, stratified area probability samples of the non-institutionalized U.S. population. The study population included non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. Non-Mexican-American Hispanics and other races were excluded

Results

The socioeconomic, demographic, and per capita intakes (kilocalories) of food, SSBs, and non-SSB beverages for the three age categories are presented in Table 1. For the three age groups, SSB consumers had higher (p<0.0001) total caloric intakes than nonconsumers; +147±33, +221±38, and +342±51 kcal for children aged 2–5 years, 6–11 years, and 12–18 years, respectively (data not shown). In order to determine the contribution of SSB to higher caloric intake, total non-SSB intakes were examined.

Discussion

Higher consumption of SSBs was associated with higher food intake among SSB consumers, offset partially by reductions in non-SSB beverage intake. Among children aged 2–5 years and 6–11 years, intake of total non-SSB calories did not differ across levels of SSB consumption, indicating that SSB intake was primarily responsible for the higher caloric intakes of SSB consumers as compared to nonconsumers. Of particular interest are those aged 12–18 years who consumed 500 or more kilocalories from

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Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated with lower quality of the non-SSB diet in US adolescents and young adults
2021, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Since 2003–4, the United States has seen large declines in sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake overall, especially among non-Hispanic white (NHW) subpopulations. However, obesity prevalence has not shown comparable declines in the 2 highest SSB-consuming groups, adolescents and young adults. Little is understood about the quality of the diet excluding SSBs (non-SSB diet).
The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in non-SSB diet quality in SSB consumers and nonconsumers in adolescents and young adults and in the 3 major race/ethnic subgroups.
This study utilized data from the NHANES, a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of the US population. Data from 6426 participants aged 12–29 y from the NHANES (2009–2014) was included. Quality of the non-SSB diet was measured using the 2015 Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Multivariate linear regressions controlled for sociodemographic characteristics and included interactions by race/ethnicity [NHWs, non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs), Hispanics]. Individuals were classified as non-, low- (<10% of daily calories), or high-SSB consumers (≥10% of daily calories), according to the US Dietary Guidelines added sugar intake recommendation.
Non-SSB HEI scores differed among SSB consumer groups (53 for adolescent nonconsumers compared with 46 for high consumers, P < 0.001; 57 for young adult nonconsumers compared with 45 for high consumers, P < 0.001), although all scores were low and require improvement. Among NHBs, significant differences in non-SSB HEI were found only between non- and low-SSB consumers. In Hispanics, associations varied by age group, with significant differences found for young adults but no association found for adolescents.
Low non-SSB HEI scores in SSB consumers suggest that reducing SSB consumption alone will not be a sufficient strategy for improving dietary quality in adolescents and young adults. Future policies must also consider improving the non-SSB diet.
Intergenerational Comparison of Food Parenting of Home Eating Behaviors of Schoolchildren
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Dietary habits of children are formed in early childhood, mostly at home and in school.8,9 From an early age, children observe and acquire parental preferences of food, dietary behavior, nutrition concepts/knowledge, and food parenting10-13 through daily interactions with their caregivers. Parents’ child feeding practices are important in developing children's nutrition status and dietary habits.10
To explore intergenerational differences on key factors of food parenting practices (FPPs) related to home eating behavior of schoolchildren.
In-depth interviews with social recognition theory-based semistructured interviews conducted from December 2016 to January 2017.
Primary caregivers of elementary schoolchildren from 23 households (16 parents, 14 grandparents) in 4 remote areas of Hualien, Taiwan.
Factors related to FPPs hindering micronutrient-dense food group consumption by schoolchildren in a remote area.
In-depth interviews were conducted at participants’ houses.
Interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. Inductive thematic analysis was performed to elicit studied phenomenon.
Routine family meals provided adequate staple, protein, and vegetables but inadequate whole grains, dairy, fruits, and nuts. More parents provided breakfast composed of pan-fried and semiprocessed products made of refined flour and sugary beverages. Both parents and grandparents had ambiguous nutrition concepts and inconsistent FPPs but in different aspects. They both reflected expectations for assistance from local schools for nutrition and FPPs education to shape up healthy eating behavior of children.
Study findings pinpoint the strength and barriers of FPPs for primary caregivers. Implementing integrated nutrition education programs tailored for empowering nutrition literacy and FPPs is suggested to enhance the healthy eating behavior of schoolchildren in a remote area.
A “hidden” side of consumer grocery shopping choice
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Choice of products within each pair is supported by two main rationales: (1) in our scanner data, items within each pair are the most commonly purchased ones by the consumers for each aspect and show very strong correlation for being bought together and (2) a review of the literature shows that items in each pair are purchased together from a grocery store. Based on previous studies, pizza (frozen) and carbonated beverages (De Castro, 2009; Coon et al., 2001; Paeratakul et al., 2003; Vartanian et al., 2007; Bruening et al., 2014; Mathias et al., 2013), toothbrush and toothpaste (Arora, 2011; Kamakura and Kang, 2007; Simonin and Ruth, 1995), and powder and liquid detergents (Chintagunta and Haldar, 1998; Song and Chintagunta, 2006) are items which are most frequently bought together. We, therefore, develop and estimate an advanced latent class model which allows controlling for consumer unobserved heterogeneity through demographic variables and helps unveil consumer grocery shopping choice on different days of the week for each of those three groups of products separately.
This study identifies hidden classes of grocery shoppers and their choice of different items on different days of the week. Following the literature on consumer grocery shopping, three major groups of products are considered: food/drink, cleaning, and personal care. Applying Finite Mixture Modeling to a rich scanner dataset, latent classes of customers and their choice of grocery items on different days of the week are discovered and empirically validated. The model controls for consumer unobserved heterogeneity and demographic characteristics through mixing probabilities. Results uncover latent classes of grocery shoppers and their day of the week shopping day, their sizes, their product choices, mixing probabilities, and demographics. Findings offer retail promotion targeting guidelines for the identified latent classes in the food/drink, cleaning, and personal care groups. Analysis outcome provides marketing and managerial implications in identifying grocery store segments, handling store traffic, managing store promotion and pricing, and improving store layout.
Phyllodulcin, a natural functional sweetener, improves diabetic metabolic changes by regulating hepatic lipogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and gluconeogenesis in db/db mice
2018, Journal of Functional Foods
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Consumption of sugars has increased worldwide, particularly with added sugars present in both foods and beverages. Consequently, this added sugar has significantly affected the total energy intake and glycemic index of the foods and beverages (Mathias, Slining, & Popkin, 2013). In addition, excessive intake of high-calorie, high-glycemic index foods can lead to an increase in glucose level, thereby leading to metabolic and hormonal changes and enhanced body fat accumulation.
Phyllodulcin, an isocoumarin derivatives and well-known natural sweetener derived from Hydrangea macrophylla var, was evaluated for its roles in diabetes-related metabolic and genetic changes by regulating glucose homeostasis in the liver. C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice received 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) stevioside (SVS 20), 10 mg/kg b.w. phyllodulcin (P 10), or 20 mg/kg b.w. phyllodulcin (P 20) for four weeks. Water and food intake were significantly lower in the phyllodulcin supplemented group compared with the diabetic group. Phyllodulcin supplementation suppressed the levels of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and plasma and hepatic triglyceride level. Phyllodulcin improved hepatic lipogenesis, while also suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress. Phyllodulcin inhibited hepatic fibrosis and regulated liver glucose homeostasis. Thus, these results indicate the potential of phyllodulcin to serve as a therapeutic agent to improve global hepatic function and metabolic abnormalities of diabetic conditions and the necessity to be better explored.
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage and Water Intake in Relation to Diet Quality in U.S. Children
2018, American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Citation Excerpt :
One national study found that higher consumption of SSBs in children was associated with lower intakes of calcium, folate, iron, and fiber, and higher intakes of saturated fat and added sugars.19 Other studies have shown that children who consume SSBs also have higher intakes of fast food, savory snacks, and desserts.8,20 These findings suggest that SSB reduction alone may not be enough to improve overall diet quality.
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a major contributor to children’s added sugar consumption. This study examines whether children’s SSB and water intakes are associated with diet quality and total energy intake.
Using data on children aged 2–18 years from the 2009–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, linear regression models were used to analyze SSB and water intake in relation to Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) scores and total energy intake. Generalized linear models were used to analyze SSB and water intake in relation to the HEI-2010 scores. Analyses were conducted including and excluding caloric contributions from SSBs and were conducted in 2016–2017.
SSB intake was inversely associated with the HEI-2010 total scores (9.5-point lower score comparing more than two servings/day with zero servings/day, p-trend<0.0001) and positively associated with total energy intake (394 kcal higher comparing more than two servings/day with zero servings/day, p-trend<0.0001). The associations between SSB and HEI-2010 total scores were similar when SSBs were excluded from HEI-2010 calculations. Water intake was positively associated with HEI-2010 total scores, but not associated with total energy intake. SSB intake was inversely associated with several HEI-2010 component scores, notably vegetables, total fruit, whole fruit, greens and beans, whole grains, dairy, seafood and plant proteins, and empty calories. Water intake was positively associated with most of the same HEI-2010 component scores.
Children who consume SSBs have poorer diet quality and higher total energy intake than children who do not consume SSBs. Interventions for obesity and chronic disease should focus on replacing SSBs with water and improving other aspects of diet quality that correlate with SSB consumption.
Metabolic effects of intermittent access to caloric or non-caloric sweetened solutions in mice fed a high-caloric diet
2017, Physiology and Behavior
Human consumption of obesogenic diets and soft drinks, sweetened with different molecules, is increasing worldwide, and increases the risk of metabolic diseases. We hypothesized that the chronic consumption of caloric (sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), maltodextrin) and non-caloric (sucralose) solutions under 2-hour intermittent access, alongside the consumption of a high-fat high-sucrose diet, would result in differential obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities in mice.
Male C57BL/6 mice had ad libitum access to an HFHS diet and to water (water control group). In addition, some mice had access, 2 h/day, 5 days/week (randomly chosen) for 12 weeks, to different solutions: i) a sucrose solution (2.1 kJ/ml), ii) an HFCS solution (2.1 kJ/ml), iii) a maltodextrin solution (2.1 kJ/ml) and a sucralose solution (60 mM) (n = 15/group).
Despite no changes in total caloric intake, 2 h-intermittent access to the sucrose, HFCS or maltodextrin solutions led to increased body weight and accumulation of lipids in the liver when compared to the group consuming water only. The HFCS and sucrose solutions induced a higher fat mass in various fat depots, glucose intolerance, increased glucose oxidation at the expense of lipid oxidation, and a lower hypothalamic expression of NPY in the fasted state. HFCS also reduced proopiomelanocortin expression in the hypothalamus. 2 h-intermittent access to sucralose did not result in significant changes in body composition, but caused a stronger expression of CART in the hypothalamus. Finally, sucrose intake showed a trend to increase the expression of various receptors in the nucleus accumbens, linked to dopamine, opioid and endocannabinoid signaling.
In conclusion, 2 h-intermittent access to caloric solutions (especially those sweetened with sucrose and HFCS), but not sucralose, resulted in adverse metabolic consequences in high-fat high-sucrose-fed mice.

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Research articleFoods and Beverages Associated with Higher Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

Background

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Introduction

Section snippets

Study Population

Results

Discussion

Am J Clin Nutr

J Pediatr

J Am Diet Assoc

Physiol Behav

J Adolesc Health

Am J Clin Nutr

J Nutr

Am J Clin Nutr

Am J Clin Nutr

Am J Clin Nutr

J Nutr

Research article
Foods and Beverages Associated with Higher Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages