Ankle–brachial index and cardiovascular risk prediction: An analysis of 11,594 individuals with 10-year follow-up
Introduction
Current guidelines call for assessment of cardiovascular risk using accepted risk variables (age, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension, cigarette smoking, and family history of premature coronary heart disease) [1]. If two or more risk factors are present, an integrated risk prediction model, such as the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), is used to quantify short-term (10-year) risk [1]. Individuals with “high” risk (≥20% 10-year risk of “hard CHD” (heart attack or coronary-related death)) are considered “CHD equivalent” and are candidates for intensive medical risk reduction [1], and those at “intermediate” risk (≥10 < 20% 10-year risk) candidates for less intensive risk factor reduction. However the Framingham Risk Score does not fully explain cardiovascular risk [2] since 20% of MIs occur in those with no risk factors [3], [4], and at least 60–80% of MIs in those without known CHD or CHD equivalent occur in those at low or intermediate risk of CHD using Framingham Risk Scores [5], [6], [7]. Methods to improve risk prediction, especially by means that are noninvasive and inexpensive, are of considerable interest [8], [9] as they would allow more people at increased risk for cardiovascular events to receive intensive risk modification therapy and thereby reduce heart attacks, strokes, and related deaths.
The ankle–brachial index (ABI), which is the ratio of systolic pressure at the ankle to that in the arm, is inexpensive, widely available, and noninvasive. Recent data from National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey reveal that abnormal ABI is highly prevalent among individuals otherwise not considered at high risk of cardiovascular events [10]. Meta-analyses of many large observational studies with long-term follow-up have reported that ABI is associated with coronary heart events independent of traditional Framingham variables [11], and an abnormal ABI is accepted in current guidelines as a coronary-heart disease (CHD) equivalent [1]. Screening measurement of the ABI to supplement risk prediction has been recommended by American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology [12], the Transatlantic Inter-Society Consensus Working Group [13], and the Fourth Joint European Task Force [14], among others [10], [15]. Despite this, the usefulness of the ABI as a risk prediction variable when Framingham-based variables are known is complicated. Both the magnitude of ABIs independent relationship with subsequent cardiovascular disease events and how ABI is integrated into a risk prediction model have strong implications for its usefulness.
In this study, we critically examine claims that ABI can improve risk prediction for hard cardiovascular disease events (hCVD; defined as heart attack, coronary death, or stroke) by evaluating its performance using a modified risk-prediction model with traditional Framingham Risk Scores, and also by examining how abnormal ABI performs when used to establish CHD equivalence per se, as indicated in current guidelines [1].
Section snippets
Methods
For this analysis we used data collected in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study [16], a prospective cohort study of middle-aged individuals with long-term follow-up. Our objective is to determine if ankle–brachial index provides information on risk of subsequent hCVD events independent of a standard risk factors’ model based on the Framingham Risk Score variables [1], by: (1) determining the incremental value of ABI when added in a standard FRS variables model; and (2)
Baseline characteristics
In our population of 11,594 individuals between the ages of 45 and 64, 270 (2.3%) had abnormal ABI. The average ankle brachial index for the entire population was 1.15 ± 0.12 (standard deviation). Table 1 presents the baseline characteristics of our sample, according to ABI. Of the seventeen variables examined, there were strong statistical differences between those with normal ABI compared those with abnormal ABI. Of note, slightly lower mean diastolic blood pressure was noted in abnormal ABI as
Discussion
Identification of individuals without known atherosclerotic coronary disease or diabetes mellitus who are at high risk of coronary heart events depends on traditional risk factors (age, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension, cigarette smoking, and family history of premature coronary heart disease) [1]. However, these variables do not fully explain cardiovascular risk [2]. Most (60%) of acute MIs occur in those without known CHD [2] and at least
Contributors
Drs Murphy, Pencina and Dhangana had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: Murphy, Dhangana, Pencina.
Acquisition of data: Murphy, Dhangana.
Analysis and interpretation of data: Murphy, Pencina, Dhangana, D’Agostino.
Drafting of the manuscript: Murphy, Dhangana.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Murphy, D’Agostino, Pencina, Dhangana.
Financial disclosure
None.
Disclaimer
ARIC Study is conducted and supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in collaboration with ARIC investigators. This research was conducted using de-identified data obtained from the NHLBI and does not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of the ARIC Study or NHLBI.
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