Effects of heartbeat feedback on beliefs about heart rate and heartbeat counting: A cautionary tale about interoceptive awareness
Section snippets
Participants
Seventy-seven undergraduates (29 men, 48 women) with a mean age of 21 (SD = 3.3) years, a mean weight of 64 (SD = 14.6) kg, and a mean height of 1.68 (SD = 0.115) m received course credit for participating1.
Pre-feedback performance
The grand average perception scores, counted heart rates, actual heart rates, and believed heart rates in each condition of Part 1 (prior to the feedback manipulation) are presented in Table 1. A series of 4 Condition (Supine, Sit, Stand, Post-Exercise) repeated measures ANOVAs identified differences among the conditions in perception scores, F(3,74) = 32.79, p < .001, η2 = .571, counted heart rates, F(3,74) = 95.49, p < .001, η2 = .795, actual heart rates, F(3,74) = 263.72, p < .001, η2 = .914, and believed
Discussion
Heartbeat counting accuracy did not change in the absence of heartbeat feedback, and therefore improvements in heartbeat counting accuracy (i.e., increased perception scores) are attributable to feedback rather than to repeated exposure to the heartbeat counting task (i.e., practice). Since similar increases in heartbeat counting accuracy followed exposure to both cardiac-contingent and cardiac-noncontingent feedback, it is inferred that feedback-mediated improvements in heartbeat counting are
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