The tuberous breast revisited☆,☆☆
Section snippets
Defining the tuberous breast
On first inspection, the tuberous breast appears to defy objective definition. Therefore, all current classification systems rely on observation and experience. On this basis, a wide variety of subjective classification systems has been proposed, beginning with the first by Rees and Aston.2 More recently, von Heimburg described a classification system (that has since been refined) which is in common use today.8, 11 Others have produced similar systems of classification.12, 13 However, the
Discussion
It is certain that the definition and management of the tuberous breast will continue to be a source of continuing controversy but we hope that this paper will contribute usefully to the debate for the ultimate benefit of our patients.
In this paper, we have described a personal experience of the treatment of the tuberous breast with a particular emphasis on the use of a one-stage procedure to correct the condition. Our operative series demonstrates that areolar reduction/tightening is able to
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Tuberous breast deformity correction: Long-term satisfaction assessment with BREAST-Q questionnaire
2021, Annales de Chirurgie Plastique EsthetiqueThe Nomenclature, Terminology and Lexicon of Breast Surgery: Are We Really Saying the Same Thing?
2021, Clinics in Plastic SurgeryCitation Excerpt :A specific congenital condition that may be associated with hypoplastic breast tissue is known as a constricted breast or breast constriction. Although this pathology has various presentations, most agree that it is a congenital condition with the following clinical features: (1) a contracted skin envelope both horizontally and vertically, (2) a narrow breast base, (3) a decrease in the volume of the breast parenchyma, (4) an abnormal elevation of the IMF creating a short distance of the nipple to the IMF, and (5) herniation of the breast parenchyma into the areola.15,34,39,68–71 The condition of constricted breast was first described by Rees and Aston in 1976,11 and has been described using a variety of terms in the literature including tubular breast, tuberous breast, or Snoopy deformity of the breast.7,34,72–75
Correction of the tuberous breast deformity in a prepubescent male patient: A surgical approach to an unusual problem
2019, JPRAS OpenCitation Excerpt :Another theory is that abnormal fascial adherence between the dermis and pectoral muscles impedes peripheral breast bud development.10 Others postulate an attenuated areolar dermal and fascial support system as the etiology, which helps to explain the type 0 tuberous breast.6,16–17 Finally, Klinger et al.12 proposed a genetically inherited aberrancy in collagen deposition based on a histologic study of 22 female and five male patients with tuberous breasts.
Breast physiology: Normal and abnormal development and function
2018, The Breast: Comprehensive Management of Benign and Malignant DiseasesTechniques used by United Kingdom consultant plastic surgeons to select implant size for primary breast augmentation
2015, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryCitation Excerpt :Our results show that the most common single technique was with external sizers (40%). The technique of external sizing has been well reported in the literature for breast augmentation, breast asymmetry and the tuberous breast.3–8 Proponents of this technique say it is relatively easy to perform and importantly allows the patient to not only preview the final breast size but, by participating in the sizing process, accept responsibility for the outcome together with the surgeon.9–11
Surgical Strategies in the Correction of the Tuberous Breast
2015, Clinics in Plastic SurgeryCitation Excerpt :Tuberous breasts were then further divided into mild, moderate, and severe based on NI. Any NI higher than 0.4 was considered tuberous.11 A cornerstone of any successful aesthetic procedure is having a defined process for patient education and management of expectations.
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Presented at: the Annual Meeting of The British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons in London, UK, September 2005.
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Financial disclosure: The authors do not have any financial or commercial interest in this study.