A randomized trial comparing the efficacy of cognitive–behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa delivered via telemedicine versus face-to-face☆
Introduction
There is general consensus among researchers in the field of eating disorders that at this time cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) is the treatment of choice for individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) (Mitchell, Agras, & Wonderlich, 2007). Although undoubtedly not the final stage in the development of effective therapies for BN, CBT remains the most widely studied and the best-supported treatment for BN.
Despite this finding there is considerable evidence that most patients who are treated for BN do not receive an empirically supported psychotherapy for their condition (Arnow, 1999). In a survey of psychologists, Mussell, Crosby, Knopke, Peterson, and Mitchell (2000) found that the vast majority of clinicians who said that at least 5% of their practice included eating disorders reported not using CBT as the treatment of choice, and only 21.7% reported any significant training experience in CBT for any condition. In another study (Crow, Mussell, Peterson, Knopke, & Mitchell, 1999), a cohort of 353 potential subjects who called an eating disorders research program requesting treatment were asked about prior therapy. Of these, 65.4% had received treatment before and 96.7% of these had received psychotherapy but only 6.9% reported that the treatment they received included even minimal elements of CBT. Most recently, von Ransom and Robinson (2006) found that clinicians who work with eating disorders reported that they prefered to tailor their treatment to the patient rather than choose an approach based on the level of empirical support. Therefore, although CBT may be the treatment of choice for these patients, many therapists working with BN patients choose not to use it, and do not know how to deliver it. Furthermore, most patients who have been treated for BN have not received it.
A related problem is the lack of availability of empirically supported treatments for patients with BN and other forms of psychopathology in rural areas. This is particularly true in the region in which this study was conducted (e.g., North Dakota and Minnesota), where much of the population lives in smaller urban and rural settings. In attempting to identify ways to deliver therapies to this population, several possibilities exist. One would be to train therapists in these areas; however, this would be expensive and impractical and many therapists would not have the time or economic resources to undertake such training. Also, their skills would likely atrophy over time if they were not seeing a critical number of such patients. A second possibility would be to utilize a traveling therapist who would periodically go to various rural areas to provide treatment. However, this would typically be considered undesirable work and third party payors would not reimburse for travel time, resulting in a major financial disincentive. A third possibility, and the one we studied in this protocol, is to deliver therapy through new technologies such as telemedicine.
Two prior studies have examined the utility of telemedicine in treating psychiatric patients. A modest study by Nelson, Barnard, and Cain (2003) assigned a series of 28 depressed children to in-person therapy or telemedicine therapy and found no evidence of a difference in outcomes. A second, larger study by Ruskin et al. (2004) was reported in which a series of 119 depressed patients were randomized to in-person versus telemedicine-delivered therapy. The therapy delivered was supportive psychotherapy, psycho-education and medication management. Again, no significant differences were found in outcome and both approaches were helpful.
Although, several reports have detailed the use of psychotherapy via telemedicine (see for example, Frueh, Henderson, & Myrick, 2005; Cluver, Schuyler, Frueh, Brescia, & Arana, 2005; Griffiths, Blignault, & Yellowlees, 2006; Metropolitan Life Insurance Table, 1983; Passik et al., 2004; Shepherd et al., 2006; Ugarriza & Schmidt, 2006), to our knowledge there have been no studies testing telemedicine administration of an empirically supported manual-based psychotherapy for a psychiatric condition. In this research, we studied the relative efficacy and acceptability of a manual-based psychotherapy for BN, CBT, delivered in person by a therapist who traveled to the local community, compared with CBT delivered via telemedicine wherein the treated subject never actually met the therapist in person.
Section snippets
Participants
This study was conducted at nine regions in eastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota (which adjoins North Dakota to the east). Participants were recruited in waves through mailings to local physicians and psychologists and through advertisements in the media.
Recruitment took place between October 1999 and September 2003. This study was approved by institutional review boards at the University of North Dakota (Grand Forks, North Dakota) and MeritCare Health System (Fargo, North Dakota).
Study flow
Fig. 1 presents the participant flow through the study. The proportion of participants completing EDE assessments did not differ between TV-CBT and FTF-CBT at end of treatment (Fisher's Exact p=.467), 3-month follow-up (Fisher's Exact p=.480), or 12-month follow-up (Fisher's Exact p=.590).
Participant characteristics at baseline
Participants in the treatment groups were similar in baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (Table 1). Most participants were female and Caucasian, with an average age in the late 20's. The
Discussion
This randomized trial, comparing CBT for BN delivered via telemedicine versus in person, demonstrated that telemedicine-delivered CBT was both acceptable to patients and roughly equivalent in outcome to therapy delivered in person. The strengths of this study include a relatively large sample size, careful training and supervision of assessors and therapists, the use of a manual-based approach for psychotherapy and the broadening of inclusion criteria to include subthreshhold cases that are
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Funding for this study was provided by a grant funded jointly by the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01-MHDK-58820), the National Institute of Mental Health (KO2 MH65919) and the Neuropsychiatric Research Institute.