ESPEN GUIDELINESESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Cardiology and Pulmonology☆
Section snippets
Chronic heart failure (CHF)
Introduction: Approximately 1% of the population suffers from CHF,1 from which the average 5-year-survival-rate is approximately 50%.1 Over the next few years, the general increase in life expectancy, better treatment of acute cardiac events, and improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic management of CHF itself will lead to better survival and therefore an increased prevalence of this disease among the elderly particularly in its advanced form. Since cardiac cachexia will be more common in
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
2.1. Does COPD have an influence on nutritional state, energy and substrate metabolism?
Between 25% and 40% of patients with advanced COPD are malnourished.
Comment: Clinically relevant weight loss (5% of actual weight within three months or 10% within 6 months) is found in 25–40% of all cases when lung function is severely impaired (FEV1<50%). Muscle wasting, defined as fat-free mass index (FFMI) <16 kg/m2 (in males) and <15 kg/m2 (in females), is found in 25% of patients with GOLD stages 2 and 3
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For further information on methodology see Schütz et al.68 For further information on definition of terms see Lochs et al.69
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The authors of the DGEM (German Society for Nutritional Medicine) guidelines on enteral nutrition in cardiology are acknowledged for their contribution to this article.