Strategies for Motion Tracking and Correction in PET
Section snippets
Brain PET imaging
Unlike cardiac- and respiratory-related motions, patient movements in brain imaging are assumed to be of rigid nature (ie, modeled as translational and rotational transformations only). Because a typical PET brain imaging session can last hours, it is not reasonable to expect a patient to remain motionless during this time [3]. A number of head restraints are common nowadays, such as thermoplastic masks or neoprene caps that lower the amount of motion but do not eliminate it [4]. Even with head
Motion due to the cardiac cycle
Although a spatial resolution of less than 5 mm is possible with current-generation PET scanners, the base of the heart moves 9 to 14 mm toward the apex, and the myocardial walls thicken from approximately 10 mm to over 15 mm between end-diastole and end-systole, as measured from tagged MR images [38]. Compared with the intrinsic resolution of today's scanners, cardiac motion can therefore result in significantly blurred images (Equation 1). The most common approach to cardiac cycle motions in
Motion caused by the respiratory cycle
The common approach to the problem of respiratory blurring of PET images is respiratory gating [67] (discussed later); however, two exceptions can be mentioned.
Areas of future research
In this section, several areas of research in motion correction that still remain open questions and important areas demanding further inquiries and research are outlined.
Current motion tracking devices and correction methods in brain imaging do not address the occurrence of relative motions between the skin and the skull during the scans. This can imply an inaccuracy, because motion-tracking lights or reflectors only follow the motion of the surface area to which they are attached (and not
Summary
In this article, the authors review advanced correction methods in PET for the cases of unwanted patient motion and unwanted motion due to cardiac cycles and respiratory cycles. Nearly all the work related to the first type of motion has been in brain PET imaging. The use of an external motion-tracking device (and not solely relying on the emission data) is attractive and will become popular for high-resolution PET imaging in the near future.
In brain PET imaging, given the rigid nature of
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This work was supported by grant SNSF 3100A0-116547 from the Swiss National Foundation.