Vitamin D and Diabetes

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.013Get rights and content

Section snippets

Type 1 diabetes

T1D is a chronic autoimmune disease that results from the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, thus resulting in insulin deficiency. The autoimmune process most commonly initiates in childhood and progresses for a variable period of months and even years before it leads to hyperglycemia and, thus, diagnosis. By the time of diagnosis only 10% to 30% of functional β-cell mass remains.10, 11 T1D is the second most common chronic disease in children, second only to asthma, and is

Type 2 diabetes

T2D is a disorder that results from defects in both insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, and accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases. The growing rate of T2D is worrisome, with in the United States alone an estimated 1 million new cases every year.97 Initially, patients counteract their increased insulin resistance and stabilize circulating glucose levels through increased insulin production by pancreatic β cells. As the disease progresses and functional alterations are accentuated,

Gestational diabetes

GD is defined by β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance during pregnancy. Women who have had GD have a 20% to 50% chance of developing T2D within 5 to 10 years.

Several studies demonstrated that pregnant women are more susceptible to hypovitaminosis D181, 182 and can suffer from insulin resistance.4, 183 Studies on the role of vitamin D and the regulation of glucose homeostasis in pregnancy are scarce, and data are not always consistent. Nevertheless, Zhang and colleagues184 reported that

Kidney Failure

Over time, hyperglycemia can have a damaging effect on the kidneys. Zhang and colleagues187 reported that the prodrug vitamin D analogue, doxercalciferol (1α(OH)D2), may protect kidneys in mice with diabetic nephropathy. This result suggests that vitamin D might be useful and preventative for the kidneys. The NHANES survey found that 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in persons with severely decreased glomerular filtration rate when compared with healthy individuals. In addition, persons

Summary

There is no doubt that vitamin D deficiency is the cause of several metabolic bone diseases, but vitamin D status is also linked to many major human diseases including immune disorders. Mounting data strengthen the link between vitamin D and diabetes, in particular T1D and T2D. Despite some inconsistencies between studies that associate serum 25(OH)D levels with the risk of developing T1D or T2D, there seems to be an overall trend for an inverse correlation between levels of 25(OH)D and both

First page preview

First page preview
Click to open first page preview

References (208)

  • F. Baeke et al.

    Vitamin D signaling in immune-mediated disorders: evolving insights and therapeutic opportunities

    Mol Aspects Med

    (2008)
  • S. Shiozawa et al.

    1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits proliferative response of T- and B-lymphocytes in a serum-free culture

    Int J Immunopharmacol

    (1987)
  • B. Decallonne et al.

    1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 restores thymocyte apoptosis sensitivity in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice through dendritic cells

    J Autoimmun

    (2005)
  • E. Hypponen et al.

    Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study

    Lancet

    (2001)
  • L.C. Stene et al.

    Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study

    Am J Clin Nutr

    (2003)
  • P.J. Guillausseau et al.

    Abnormalities in insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes mellitus

    Diabetes Metab

    (2008)
  • IDF diabetes atlas

    (2009)
  • D. LeRoith

    Beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: role of metabolic and genetic abnormalities

    Am J Med

    (2002)
  • X. Palomer et al.

    Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus

    Diabetes Obes Metab

    (2008)
  • T.J. Wilkin

    Changing perspectives in diabetes: their impact on its classification

    Diabetologia

    (2007)
  • E. Resmini et al.

    Secondary diabetes associated with principal endocrinopathies: the impact of new treatment modalities

    Acta Diabetol

    (2009)
  • R. Bouillon et al.

    Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice

    Endocr Rev

    (2008)
  • C. Mathieu et al.

    Vitamin D and diabetes

    Diabetologia

    (2005)
  • B.L. Nyomba et al.

    Pancreatic secretion in man with subclinical vitamin D deficiency

    Diabetologia

    (1986)
  • M. Knip

    Natural course of preclinical type 1 diabetes

    Horm Res

    (2002)
  • J.C. Barrett et al.

    Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis find that over 40 loci affect risk of type 1 diabetes

    Nat Genet

    (2009)
  • A.K. Steck et al.

    Do non-HLA genes influence development of persistent islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children with high-risk HLA-DR, DQ genotypes?

    Diabetes

    (2009)
  • P. Concannon et al.

    Genetics of type 1A diabetes

    N Engl J Med

    (2009)
  • M.A. Pani et al.

    Vitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP1alpha) polymorphism in Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes mellitus

    Eur J Endocrinol

    (2002)
  • R. Bailey et al.

    Association of the vitamin D metabolism gene CYP27B1 with type 1 diabetes

    Diabetes

    (2007)
  • B.W. Ogunkolade et al.

    Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA and VDR protein levels in relation to vitamin D status, insulin secretory capacity, and VDR genotype in Bangladeshi Asians

    Diabetes

    (2002)
  • E. van Etten et al.

    The vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphism: functional impact on the immune system

    Eur J Immunol

    (2007)
  • F. Pociot et al.

    Genetics of type 1 diabetes mellitus

    Genes Immun

    (2002)
  • M.A. Pani et al.

    Vitamin D receptor allele combinations influence genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Germans

    Diabetes

    (2000)
  • T.J. Chang et al.

    Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms influence susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Taiwanese population

    Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)

    (2000)
  • S.W. Guo et al.

    Meta-analysis of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and type 1 diabetes: a HuGE review of genetic association studies

    Am J Epidemiol

    (2006)
  • H. Turpeinen et al.

    Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms: no association with type 1 diabetes in the Finnish population

    Eur J Endocrinol

    (2003)
  • N. Israni et al.

    Interaction of vitamin D receptor with HLA DRB1 0301 in type 1 diabetes patients from North India

    PLoS One

    (2009)
  • M. Karvonen et al.

    Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. Diabetes Mondiale (DiaMond) Project Group

    Diabetes Care

    (2000)
  • Geographic patterns of childhood insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Group

    Diabetes

    (1988)
  • S. Sloka et al.

    The geospatial relation between UV solar radiation and type 1 diabetes in Newfoundland

    Acta Diabetol

    (2010)
  • J.A. Staples et al.

    Ecologic analysis of some immune-related disorders, including type 1 diabetes, in Australia: latitude, regional ultraviolet radiation, and disease prevalence

    Environ Health Perspect

    (2003)
  • M.T. Cantorna et al.

    Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence

    Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

    (2004)
  • S.B. Mohr et al.

    The association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwide

    Diabetologia

    (2008)
  • M. Karvonen et al.

    Comparison of the seasonal pattern in the clinical onset of IDDM in Finland and Sardinia

    Diabetes Care

    (1998)
  • A. Neu et al.

    Incidence of IDDM in German children aged 0-14 years. A 6-year population-based study (1987–1993)

    Diabetes Care

    (1997)
  • H.S. Kahn et al.

    Association of type 1 diabetes with month of birth among U.S. youth: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study

    Diabetes Care

    (2009)
  • R. Bouillon et al.

    Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg

    (1995)
  • D.M. Provvedini et al.

    1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes

    Science

    (1983)
  • X. Dong et al.

    Regulation of relB in dendritic cells by means of modulated association of vitamin D receptor and histone deacetylase 3 with the promoter

    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

    (2005)
  • Cited by (0)

    This work was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship for C.G. and a clinical fellowship for C.M. from the Flemish research fund “FWO Vlaanderen.” T.T. received an SBA scholarship from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.

    View full text