Antigenotoxic effect, composition and antioxidant activity of Dendrobium speciosum

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.022

Food Chemistry

Volume 140, Issue 4, 15 October 2013, Pages 660-665

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.022 Get rights and content

Abstract

The chemical composition, the antiradical properties of Dendrobium speciosum (Orchidaceae) leaves and stem extracts have been studied. Furthermore, in view of the use of this orchid as “bush foods”, the genotoxic/antigenotoxic effects of the extracts have been evaluated.

Highlights

• Dendrobium speciosum (Orchidaceae) as bush food. • Evaluation of genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of the leaves and stems extracts. • Chemical composition to evaluate nutritional value (proteins, lipids and saccharides). • Polyphenols and flavonoids and their antiradical activity.

Introduction

The relationship between diet and health has been stated throughout the centuries, but only in the last decades the importance of diet in the cancer onset has been pointed out. As a consequence, diet in general is considered to be one of the largest source of mutagenic and carcinogenic substances for human beings. Several compounds in food such as mycotoxins, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitrosamines and ethanol are suspected as mutagens (Goldman & Shields, 2003). On the other hand, food can contain components that decrease cancer risk (de Kok, de Waard, Wilms, & van Breda, 2010).

Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) is a large genus of orchids that contains more than 1000 species. Dendrobium species are either epiphytic or occasionally lithophytic. They have adapted to a wide variety of habitats, from the high altitudes in the Himalayan mountains to lowland tropical forests and even to the dry climate of the Australian desert. Many Dendrobium spp. have been used for centuries as medical plants. For example D. nobile is used in China for the treatment of anorexia and gastrointestinal disorders (Miyazawa, Shimamura, Nakamura, & Kameoka, 1997), D. chrysotoxum is used in loss of appetite and fever (Yang et al., 2004) and D. moniliforme is used as sialogogue (Zhao et al., 2003).

Dendrobium species are known to produce alkaloids (Suzuki, Hayakawa, & Aoki, 1973), bibenzyl derivatives (Li et al., 2009), phenanthrenes and stilbenes (Ito et al., 2010). Many secondary metabolites isolated from different Dendrobium spp. show interesting biological activities, such as moscatilin that has antimutagenic and antiplatelet aggregation activities (Chen et al., 1994, Miyazawa et al., 1999), or dendrobine, an antagonist of α-alanine, taurine, and presynaptic inhibitor of the frog’s spinal cord (Kubo, Tanaka, & Yamada, 1983).

Dendrobium speciosum is widely distributed in Australia where it is known as Wara-gal-darra or Sidney Rock Lily. The Cadigal people used to eat the starchy stems raw or after roasting on hot stones (Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, 2012).

Due to the lack of informations about D. speciosum genotoxicity, it is important to evaluate the effects of this plant on genetic alterations in view of an increasing interest in “bush foods” (Australian Bush Foods Magazine, 2012).

Among short-term genotoxicity tests, the comet assay is a simple, rapid and very sensitive test for the quantification of DNA damage thus providing direct determination of DNA single- and doublestrand breakage (Tice et al., 2000). Many authors have used the comet assay to evaluate the in vitro and/or in vivo genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity of several chemicals in various cell lines (CHO, V79, HepG2) (Valentin-Severin, Le Hegarat, Lhuguenot, Le Bon, & Chagnon, 2003). HepG2 cells are known for their phase I and II biotransformation enzyme activities that influence processes related to chemical carcinogenesis (Knasmüller et al., 2004).

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the safety of D. speciosum leaves and stems (genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity) along with the determination of the chemical composition, fatty acid profiles, total polyphenols, total flavonoids and antiradical activity.

Section snippets

Reagents

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na₂EDTA), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagenti Srl, Milan, Italy. Ethidium bromide (EB), fluorescein diacetate (FDA), low- and normal-melting-point agarose (LMPA and NMPA, respectively), 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), and Triton X-100 were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Srl, Milan, Italy. Gibco®

Composition of D. speciosum leaves and stems

The results of the chemical composition for D. speciosum leaves and stems are reported in Table 1.

It is evident that leaves were richer in lipids, ash and soluble carbohydrates than stems, which had higher polysaccharide content. Protein amount was almost equivalent in leaves and stems. The FA composition of lipid fractions was determined by HRGC analysis. Table 2 shows the FA percentage composition of acyl lipid and FFA fraction, respectively, analysed as methyl esters.

The FA composition in

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Dr. R. Mammucari and Dr. H. Wildman for providing the plant material and Prof. B. Tirillini for the DPPH test experiments.

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Antigenotoxic effect, composition and antioxidant activity of Dendrobium speciosum

Abstract

Highlights

Introduction

Section snippets

Reagents

Composition of D. speciosum leaves and stems

Acknowledgements

Journal of Nutrition

Toxicology

Mutation Research

Toxicology Letters

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

Experimental Cell Research

Tetrahedron Letters