Effects of vitamin C intake on gingival oxidative stress in rat periodontitis

doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.040

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

Volume 46, Issue 2, 15 January 2009, Pages 163-168

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.040 Get rights and content

Abstract

Increased levels of oxidative stress due to excessive production of reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Studies suggest a negative association between plasma vitamin C level and the severity of periodontitis. We hypothesized that increases in plasma vitamin C levels after vitamin C intake might clinically reduce gingival oxidative stress in a rat periodontitis model. A ligature was placed around rat mandibular molars for 4 weeks to induce periodontitis, and the rats were then given drinking water with or without 1 g/L vitamin C for 2 weeks after the ligature was removed. The periodontitis-induced rats showed a 149% increase in 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine level and a 40% decrease in reduced:oxidized glutathione ratio in gingival tissue. Vitamin C intake induced a 175% increase in plasma vitamin C level, resulting in an improvement in the gingival 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine level (decreased) and in the reduced:oxidized glutathione ratio (increased). Furthermore, in ligature-induced periodontitis lesions, gene expression encoding inflammation, including interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β, was more than twofold down-regulated by vitamin C intake. The results suggest that systemic administration of vitamin C could be clinically beneficial in improving periodontitis-induced oxidative stress by down-regulating inflammatory gene expression.

Section snippets

Animals

Thirty-five male Wistar rats (8 weeks of age) were housed in an air-conditioned room (23–25°C) with a 12-h light–dark cycle. They had free access to powdered food (MF; Oriental Yeast Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and drinking water. All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Research Control Committee of Okayama University Dental School.

Experimental design

The rats were randomly divided into five groups of seven rats each. Two groups (control groups) had no treatment for

Results

There were no significant differences among the control, periodontitis, and periodontitis + vitamin C groups with regard to food consumption, body weight, or growth pattern during the experimental period. Addition of vitamin C to drinking water did not change water intake.

Discussion

In the rat model, ligature placement induced periodontal inflammation, including apical migration of the junctional epithelium, alveolar bone resorption, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration. Such conditions showed an increase in 8-OHdG level and a decrease in GSH:GSSG ratio, suggesting that gingival oxidative stress increased with periodontal inflammation. On the other hand, vitamin C intake improved polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, decreased 8-OHdG level, and increased

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (19390478) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.

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Statement of Significance
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Original ContributionEffects of vitamin C intake on gingival oxidative stress in rat periodontitis

Abstract

Section snippets

Animals

Experimental design

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

Lancet

Mol. Aspects Med.

J. Theor. Biol.

Microvasc. Res.

Arch. Oral Biol.

J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl.

Kidney Int.

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

Free Radic. Biol. Med.

Free Radic. Biol. Med.

Chronic inflammatory gingival and periodontal disease

JAMA

Generation of inflammatory stimuli: how bacteria set up inflammatory responses in the gingiva

J. Clin. Periodontol.

The pathogenesis of human periodontitis: an introduction

Periodontology 2000

Lipid peroxidation levels and total oxidant status in serum, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with chronic periodontitis

J. Clin. Periodontol.

Compromised GCF total antioxidant capacity in periodontitis: cause or effect?

J. Clin. Periodontol.

Protective effects of mercaptoethylguanidine, a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, in ligature-induced periodontitis in the rat

Br. J. Pharmacol.

Interleukin-1 beta modulates proinflammatory cytokine production in human epithelial cells

Infect. Immun.

Original Contribution
Effects of vitamin C intake on gingival oxidative stress in rat periodontitis