Disease management programmes for patients with coronary heart disease—An empirical study of German programmes
Introduction
In the 1990s, health organisations in developed countries started to offer new models of healthcare for chronically ill patients – so-called disease management programmes (DMPs). These programmes intended to improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of healthcare for chronic conditions by implementing evidence-based guidelines and establishing clinical pathways [1], [2], [3]. Under the German statutory health insurance (SHI), the legal framework for sickness funds to implement DMPs was created in 2002 [4], [5]. The first DMP started in January 2003. Up to September 2007, a total number of 14,000 DMPs1 (17 regions, more than 200 sickness funds) were registered for various diseases (diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, breast cancer, coronary heart disease and asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). In September 2007, the number of patients voluntarily enrolled in DMPs reached almost 3.6 million [7].
DMPs for coronary heart diseases (CHD) constitute a prominent share of all programmes. Cardiovascular diseases including CHD and chronic heart failure are the most common cause of death in industrialised countries, and impose a significant economic burden on the US and European healthcare systems [8], [9]. The prevalence of CHD in Germany is about 7%, affecting almost 6 million people [10]. Healthcare costs of CHD in 2004 were approximately 7 billion EUR, and total costs (including productivity losses and informal care) were estimated at 13 billion EUR [11], [12]. In Germany, deficits in medical care of patients with CHD, e.g., insufficiently prescribed standard medication, high percentage of CHD patients with increased blood pressure, smoking or adiposity, resulted in the introduction of DMP-CHDs in the middle of 2004 [13], [14].
To date, no study has systematically compared DMP-CHDs (evidence-based treatment) with usual care (standard treatment) in Germany. This is despite the fact that the German sickness funds are obliged by the Social Security Code to evaluate DMPs. There may be two reasons for this: first, DMPs for CHD only started in 2004, leaving limited time for evaluation. Second, and more importantly, evaluation is difficult because of the regulatory linkage between certified DMPs and the risk adjustment system.2 From this system, sickness funds receive higher payments for each patient who is enrolled in a DMP-CHD (in the case of CHD on average €1700/year for patients not enrolled and €4460/year for enrolled patients [17]). This has driven sickness funds to enrol potential candidates for the DMP as fast as possible, and thereby reduces the possibilities for recruiting control groups [6].
International investigations show positive as well as controversial effects of DMP-CHDs. A systematic review on DMPs for CHD concludes that, while those programmes can improve processes of care, reduce admissions to the hospital, and enhance patients’ functional status, their “impact on survival and recurrent infarctions, and their cost-effectiveness, as well as the optimal mix of components remain uncertain” [18]. A recent study shows positive effects of DMP-CHDs on process and outcome quality [19]. The majority of studies were conducted in the US, and thus arise from a different system than the German social security system. Furthermore, as DMPs are set up in different ways, the effects of the programmes can vary. Thus, an evaluation of the German DMP-CHDs would complement the international discussion on these aspects.
Considering this background, the objective of this study is to evaluate the medical care of patients with acute myocardial infarction (a subgroup of persons with CHD) who are enrolled in DMP-CHDs, and compare this with patients with acute myocardial infarction who have not been enrolled in DMP-CHDs. In particular, the following research questions will be analysed:
- (1)
What differences can be found in characteristics of patients enrolled in DMP-CHDs compared with patients not enrolled (selection of enrolment)?
- (2)
Is medical care received by DMP-CHD enrolled patients more extensive and guideline-orientated than medical care for not enrolled patients (quality of healthcare services)?
- (3)
What differences in the results of medical care can be identified for DMP-CHD enrolled patients, as compared with not enrolled patients (quality of health outcomes)?
Section snippets
Description of the German DMP-CHD
In Germany, in 2001, the mandated Federal Joint Committee set DMPs’ minimum common requirements, which propose regulation on the following issues (Social Code, Book V, §137f):
- •
treatment guidelines for providers,
- •
necessary quality assurance measures,
- •
conditions and process of patient enrolment,
- •
training of and information for providers and patients,
- •
documentation of diagnostic measures, therapeutic arrangements, and treatment results and
- •
evaluation of effectiveness and costs.
Based on the defined
Methods
To investigate these research questions, the population-based KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region) Myocardial Infarction Register was used, which, since 1985, has registered all patients with an acute myocardial infarction resident in the study region of Augsburg, southern Germany [22]. All patients who survive for more than 24 h following an acute myocardial infarction are interviewed while they are in hospital. After discharge, treatment data are collected in a concluding
Response and baseline characteristics
Of all 3867 statutorily insured persons with myocardial infarction contacted, 2563 persons answered the questionnaire. This corresponds to a 66% response rate. Characteristics of the study participants and non-participants are outlined in Table 1.
Some of the variables showed significant differences between the groups. However, considering the associated values in each case, differences were rather small. For example, the average age of the study participants was 68.3 years, compared with 66.5
Discussion
This study is the first to present empirical results from German DMP-CHDs and, thus, complements the international discussion with a contribution from a social health insurance system. From our study, the following results should be noted: first, DMP-CHD patients tend to be younger and tend to have a higher disease burden (DMP-CHD patients more often have diabetes and the average time interval since their last heart attack is shorter—selection of enrolment). Second, DMP-CHDs induce positive
Conclusion
Enrolment into DMPs for CHD exhibits systematic selection effects. Participants tend to experience – at least in the short to medium term and for AMI patients – better quality of healthcare services. However, since DMP-CHDs were initiated only 2 years ago, we were unable to identify significant improvement in health outcomes. Only the reduction in smoking provides a first indication for better quality outcomes by DMP-CHD. Thus, policy-makers must provide appropriate incentives to sickness funds
Acknowledgements
The KORA (Cooperative Health Research Augsburg Region) Myocardial Infarction Register is financed by the Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology and by the State of Bavaria. Since the year 2000 the myocardial infarction data collection is co-financed by the German Federal Ministry of Health to provide population-based myocardial infarction morbidity data for
References (40)
- et al.
Financial incentives for disease management programmes and integrated care in German social health insurance
Health Policy
(2006) - et al.
Needs for further improvement: risk adjustment in the German health insurance system
Health Policy
(2003) - et al.
Risk adjustment and risk selection on the sickness fund insurance market in five European countries
Health Policy
(2003) - et al.
Disease management and health care reforms in Germany—does more competition lead to less solidarity?
Health Policy
(2007) EuroQol: the current state of play
Health Policy
(1996)- et al.
Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
American Journal of Medicine
(2004) Disease management in the American market
British Medical Journal
(2000)- et al.
Disease management
British Medical Journal
(1997) Disease management. A new technology in need of critical assessment
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care
(1999)Disease management programs in Germany's statutory health insurance system
Health Affairs
(2004)
Disease management programmes in Germany: first reactions by patients suffering from diabetes
Gesundheitswesen
Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the enlarged European Union
European Heart Journal
Residence close to high traffic and prevalence of coronary heart disease
European Heart Journal
Cost of atherothrombotic diseases – myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and peripheral arterial occlusive disease – in Germany
Journal of Public Health
Cited by (25)
Health system responsiveness and chronic disease care – What is the role of disease management programs? An analysis based on cross-sectional survey and administrative claims data
2017, Social Science and MedicineCitation Excerpt :We used the concept of health system responsiveness to analyze whether chronically ill enrolled in a DMP report better experiences with care than chronically ill in routine care. In line with other studies (Schäfer et al., 2010; Gapp et al., 2008; Bozorgmehr et al., 2015), we found rather strong differences in baseline characteristics between DMP-participants and non-participants. DMP-participants were older, were more often retired, more often male and they were more frequently suffering from type 2 diabetes and had a lower disease severity.
Forgone care among chronically ill patients in Germany-Results from a cross-sectional survey with 15,565 individuals
2016, Health PolicyCitation Excerpt :While we did not find an effect for participation in integrated care programs, individuals enrolled in DMP reported slightly less forgone care. One potential explanation is the (self-) selection of DMP-participants, as is discussed in several studies [33,34]. DMPs aim at patients who want to actively engage in their own health care [27].
The excess health care costs of KardioPro, an integrated care program for coronary heart disease prevention
2015, Health PolicyCitation Excerpt :Although the German statutory health insurance companies are legally obliged to operate efficiently, and certain types of prevention programs, such as bonus payments and disease management programs, legally require scientific evaluation, this is not mandatory for integrated care contracts such as KardioPro [14]. Accordingly, analyses of the economic effects of CVD prevention in Germany have focused on disease management or bonus programs, and analyses of health care expenditure associated with optional prevention programs, based on integrated care contracts, remain scarce [9,10,15,16]. Yet, especially in light of the discontinuation of federal start-up financing in 2009, there needs to be awareness of the economic consequences of providing optional integrated care programs for CHD prevention in order to evaluate whether offering such a program is economically reasonable.
The quality of chronic care in Germany
2011, Zeitschrift fur Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualitat im GesundheitswesenChronic disease management in patients with intellectual disabilities: a matched study in Dutch general practice
2023, British Journal of General Practice