Electrophysiocardiogram: For the first time EPCG has been recorded on human body surface
Introduction
The P-QRS-T wave forms recorded by ECG, including invasive EP cardiogram also single string liner waves, resemble the shape of a string as they appear. ECG is a type of morphological exhibition, in which both P wave and T wave are half sinusoidal waves, while QRS are pulse waves. It mainly shows convolutionary electrophysiological signals within high frequency range. Accordingly, for a long period of time, ECG has been seen as one of the medical disciplines with the most mysteries. As for electrophysiocardiogram (EPCG), it is a novel scanning and recording graph for electrophysiological biological signals, which features multiple regions, multiple linear wave forms, multiple frequency ranges, as well as positive and negative dual amplitudes. It has separated various frequency bands based on features of time, amplitude and space. As a result, it is able to utilize a natural scanning track to record more delicate and detailed local anatomic site signals buried in the time ranges of P wave and T wave (Fig. 2). EPCG detects continuously generated potentials of each heartbeat from body surface, with its signal resembles an electrophysiological linear image [1], [12], [13]. In this article, by way of analyzing the detection images obtained from 1500 cases of normal human subjects, EPCG has scanned and recorded the electrophysiological wave groups of two major cardiac portions, the signals of one of the wave groups are aggregated around the major peaks of P wave and T wave and comprise both positive waves and negative waves (the sums of these amplitudes are respectively equivalent to the amplitudes of P wave and T wave obtained in traditional ECG), which thus represent the electric signals of atrial myocardium and ventricular myocardium; while the signals of other wave group gather in the vicinities above or below X axis, wherein when located above X axis, the respective amplitudes are about 0.15 mm/mV, and when located below X axis, the respective amplitudes are about 0.05 mm/mV; it is believed that these natural small wavelets may be related to the potentials of automatic conduction system (Fig. 3). In addition, before the starting point of P wave, SAN and SAN leading waves have also been recorded in EPCG (due to limited space, only the P wave part is described in this article). Based on the graphs recorded by EPCG, it is conceivable that each heartbeat may pass through an axis of the automatic conduction system sequentially as follows: the signal is firstly conducted from SAN to atrial region, then to AVN, and next to His bundle and Bundle branches sequentially, and final to Purkinje's initial. Moreover, as the specific local automaticity, specific pacing, specific time course of conduction potentials, specific cellular responsive heart rate fast or slow, specific ion composition and the like of each atrial anatomic location are slightly different; their respective frequencies are thus different as well [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. The foregoing may be one major reason resulting in new regional and local wave forms shown in EPCG (Fig. 3). In both traditional ECG and the new EPCG, what have been shown in P wave and T wave are aggregations of signals of high frequencies, ultra high frequencies, very high frequencies and extremely high frequencies, in which about 95% electric signals are believed to be originated from atrial myocardium and ventricular myocardium. Furthermore, in EPCG, the small electric signals of automatic conduction system are an aggregation of signals of low frequencies, ultra low frequencies, very low frequencies and extremely low frequencies. In this regard, the signals shown in EPCG are in line with physical laws. Through further analysis on the graphs shown in (Fig. 5), it could be known that the respective SA node potentials and AV node potentials located on top of the figure exhibit slow response frequencies, which show slowly increasing and very slowly decreasing electric currents. Accordingly, during the time courses of SA node and AV node, EPCG displays a number of small wavelets, since both of them are histologically formed by slow response cells. Meanwhile, the respective Atrial potentials, Bundle branches potentials and Purkinje potentials located on top of the figure exhibit fast response frequencies, which show rapidly increasing and very rapidly decreasing electric currents. Accordingly, at these three locations, EPCG displays single small wavelet, since each of the three locations is histologically formed by fast response cells. Therefore, EPCG is also in line with known electrophysiological regularities. However, His bundle is an exception. It shows rapidly increasing and negatively decreasing electric currents. Searching previously published literatures, it has been found that the small wavelets (within the range of P wave) recorded in the vicinities above or below X axis in EPCG are actually agreeable with the implications of signals in respective time course segments within the range of P–R interval conjectured by Hoffman and Damato et al. [4], [5], [12], [13], [14] (Fig. 4). Therefore, the new EPCG electrophysiological cardiograms anticipated to make a landmark step to open a new door for eventually revealing the mysteries of cardiac electrophysiology.
Section snippets
Principles and methods
In this study, we have utilized the device newly invented by PhysioSign, which is able to automatically separate the signals captured on body surface into two modules. The entire apparatus system comprises systematic hardware, software and disruptive signal processing technologies, as well as a series of related algorithms and formulas. EPCG is able to automatically separate the convolutionary signals into a plurality of different linear wave forms within various frequency ranges. For example,
Conclusions
Electrophysiocardiogram (EPCG) is able to scan and record tiny electrophysiological potentials, which may be closely related to the “automatic conduction system potentials” and “ventricular myocyte action potentials”. It displays new small wavelet forms in the multi-band electrophysiological signals generated from continuous heartbeats, in which the new small wavelet forms comprise the signals before P wave, in P wave, above P wave, below P wave, in PR interval, in PR segment, and in QRS
Discussions
The following questions need to be answered in future studies on EPCG, such as whether electrophysiocardiogram (EPCG) has scanned and recorded new physiological signals that have never been recorded previously; whether EPCG is able to measure PA, AH and HV intervals (Fig. 4) by virtue of separating with the ABCD vertical lines, based on the information obtained from respective Y axis amplitudes of the newly obtained wavelets and from respective starting points and ending points of those small
Conflict of interest
The authors report no relationships that could be construed as a conflict of interest.
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