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Investigating Environmental Links Between Parent Depression and Child Depressive/Anxiety Symptoms Using an Assisted Conception Design

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.015Get rights and content
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Objective

Links between maternal and offspring depression symptoms could arise from inherited factors, direct environmental exposure, or shared adversity. A novel genetically sensitive design was used to test the extent of environmental links between maternal depression symptoms and child depression/anxiety symptoms, accounting for inherited effects, shared adversity, and child age and gender.

Method

Eight hundred fifty-two families with a child born by assisted conception provided questionnaire data. Mothers and fathers were genetically related or unrelated to the child depending on conception method. Parental depression symptoms were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Child depression/anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Short Mood and Feelings questionnaire and six items tapping generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. Associations between maternal and child symptoms were examined separately for genetically unrelated and related mother–child pairs, adjusting for three measurements of shared adversity: negative life events, family income, and socioeconomic status. Analyses were then run separately for boys and girls and for children and adolescents, and the role of paternal depression symptoms was also examined.

Results

Significant associations between parent and child symptoms were found for genetically unrelated mother–child (r = 0.32, p < .001) and father–child (r = 0.17, p < .05) pairs and genetically related mother–child (r = 0.31, p < .001) and father–child (r = 0.23, p < .001) pairs and were not explained by the shared adversity measurements. Environmental links were present for children and adolescents and were stronger for girls.

Conclusions

The transmission of depression symptoms is due in part to environmental processes independent of inherited effects and is not accounted for by shared adversity measurements. Girls may be more sensitive to the negative effects of maternal depression symptoms than boys through environmental processes.

Key Words

depression
anxiety
transmission
environmental
genetic

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This article is discussed in an editorial by Dr. David Reiss on page 431.

Supplemental material cited in this article is available online.

This study was supported by a Wellcome Trust showcase award and a Wellcome Trust Project grant.

Disclosure: Ms. Lewis has received funding from the Economic and Social Research Council and the Nuffield Foundation. Drs. Rice, Harold, Collishaw, and Thapar report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.