The Present and FutureState-of-the-Art ReviewCardiac Fibrosis in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
State-of-the-Art Review
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Key Words
cardiac
extracellular matrix
heart failure
myocytes
myofibroblasts
Abbreviations and Acronyms
AF
atrial fibrillation
CHADS2
congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, and stroke/transient ischemic attack
CMR
cardiac magnetic resonance
CTGF
connective tissue growth factor
DE-CMR
delayed gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance
ECM
extracellular matrix
HF
heart failure
miR
microribonucleic acid
MMP
matrix metalloproteinase
NADPH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
PDGF
platelet-derived growth factor
TGF-β1
transforming growth factor beta-1
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Dr. Dzeshka was supported by a European Heart Rhythm Association Academic Fellowship Programme. Dr. Lip has served as a consultant for Bayer, Astellas, Merck, Sanofi, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer, Biotronik, Medtronic, Portola, Boehringer Ingelheim, Microlife, and Daiichi-Sankyo; and has been on the speakers bureau for Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer, Medtronic, Boehringer Ingelheim, Microlife, and Daiichi-Sankyo. Drs. Snezhitskiy and Shantsila have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.
Copyright © 2015 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.