Pilot studyA pilot study of balance performance benefit of myofascial release, with a tennis ball, in chronic stroke patients
Introduction
Fascia is connective tissue found throughout the body, in all muscles, bones, vessels, and organs. It provides support, stability, and cushioning (Schleip et al., 2012, Langevin and Huijing, 2009). Fascia is integral to the continuity of the body and is essential in human posture and movement (Schleip, 2003). In addition, the fascia distributes forces so that they are absorbed over a larger area, rather than having the force focused at one point (Findley and DeFilippis, 2005).
Tightness of the fascia is related to physiological and biomechanical guarding mechanism to protect from trauma. However, the fascia can lose pliability, restricting movement and placing tension on body parts (Barnes, 1997). Trauma to the fascia can lead to the production of reorganised fascia that is thicker, shorter, and oriented differently from the fascia before injury (Myers, 2001, Schleip, 2003, Stecco, 2004, Hammer, 2007, Chaitow, 2008, Masi and Hannon, 2008).
Repeated inflammation can alter the alignment of connective tissues depending on the direction of forces, and compromise human kinetics (Goodman et al., 2003, Findley and DeFilippis, 2005). In addition, poor posture, injury, and stress can cause malalignment of the body, resulting in thicker fascia as compensation (Findley and DeFilippis, 2005).
Rolf (1977) reported that the characteristics of fascia were similar to those of collagen fibres, which are formed in the ground substance, a shapeless, semifluid, and the collagen fibres slowly alter the arrangement of the chemical substances within them. The recent definition of fascia suggested by the Third International Fascia Research Congress is as follows. “…fibrous collagenous tissues which are part of a body wide tensional force transmission system.” The latest definition of fascia also includes the following ones: dense planar multidirectional connective tissue, loose planar connective tissue, other loose (e.g. fatty layers within subcutaneous tissue) connective tissue, joint capsules, organ capsules, muscular septi, retinaculi, tendons, ligaments, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, epineurium, dura mater, periosteum, mediastinum, mesentery, annulus fibrosus in spinal discs (Schleip et al., 2012). These fascial tissues appear to be an interconnected tensional network which is adapted to fibre arrangement and density and determined by local tensional demands (Pilat, 2012, Schleip et al., 2012).
The water in a cell is differs from that in a glass. There is unexpected large ‘exclusion zone’ (EZ) inside the water in a cell which is called EZ which is physically different from bulk water, the characteristics of which are more restrictive and viscous than bulk water: (Pollack, 2010, Pollack et al., 2011). Extracellular Matrix (ECM) is believed to contain a form of EZ, which contributes to the structural and biomechanical support of the cells (Gurvan et al., 2010).
Reddy et al. (1979) suggested that pressure could create flow in the extracellular matrix and interstitial fluids. Several authors insisted that the therapeutic mechanism of the pressure could be related to viscous flow and a piezoelectric phenomenon which would allow the elongation of the viscoelastic fascia when the gentle pressure with light weight is applied (Pilat, 2003, Castro-Sánchez et al., 2011a, Castro-Sánchez et al., 2011b).
Sherman et al. (2006) defined MFR therapy as a clinical massage technique that concentrates the manipulations on muscles or fasciae. MFR is based on the principle that trauma, inflammation, infection, and structural imbalance cause fascial strain (Barnes, 2004). Fascial strain from continuous traction or tension leads to fascial entrapment of neural structures, which might induce dysfunction and symptoms (Bruno and Emiliano, 2014, Myers, 2001). MFR has been used to treat patients with myofascial pain syndrome involving the lower back, shoulder, and other body areas.
Few studies have examined MFR in chronic stroke patients. Continuous traction or tension in the fascia can occur in stroke patients with spasticity, hypertonicity, or muscle stiffness. Several authors insisted that spastic hypertonia causes mechanical stiffness of the muscles (Dietz, 1992, Brown, 1994, Ada et al., 1998). This stiffness might cause permanent structural changes due to the mechanical effects on muscles and connective tissues (Katz and Rymer, 1989, Carey and Burghardt, 1993). In addition, some authors hypothesised that fascia such as the perimysium might move actively, but the thickness of the perimysium might be increased by muscle immobilisation, especially in tonic muscles, resulting in increased passive muscle stiffness (Schleip et al., 2006). Furthermore, myofascial force transmission demonstrates that around 40% of tensional forces are transmitted via adjacent fascial structures opposed to via the muscular tendon (Huijing et al., 2007).
Most of the studies of MFR have examined myofascial pain syndrome, and none has examined MFR in stroke patients. Whisler et al. (2012) report on MFR in six children with cerebral palsy. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of myofascial release in the lower extremity performed with a tennis ball on the balance of chronic stroke patients.
Section snippets
Subjects and methods
Ten individuals with hemiplegia were recruited from S rehabilitation centre in Busan, Korea. The subjects complained of stiffness in the affected lower limb while walking. We initially recruited seven males and three females, but two of the males dropped out, leaving six with right hemiplegia and two with left hemiplegia. The demographic characteristics of the patients are summarised in Table 1.
Inclusion criteria were (a) a diagnosis of hemiplegia due to haemorrhagic or ischaemic stroke, (b)
Results
The BBS scores differed significantly (p = 0.001) after 4 and 8 weeks. After 4 weeks, the scores for each BBS item increased, except for items 11 and 14. At 8 weeks, the scores for each item were increased compared with week 4, except items 11 and 12. The TUG time decreased significantly after 4 and 8 weeks (p = 0.034) (Table 2, Fig. 3).
Discussion
This study found significant improvements in the balance of spastic stroke patients treated with MFR for 8 weeks based on the BBS and TUG test. After the 8-week intervention, there was a significant decrease in the TUG time. A negative significant relationship has already been found between TUG and BBS (Manaf et al., 2014).
Many therapists perform a tool assisted therapy as an MFR approach. A tennis ball was used as a tool to perform the study as a simple approach. For the performance of the MFR
Conclusion
This pilot study investigated the effects of MFR with a tennis ball for 8 weeks on the balance of patients with chronic spasticity. The results suggest that it improved balance. However, further studies must examine the effectiveness of MFR in stroke patients, such as walking patterns. We also need to elucidate the mechanisms of MFR in stroke patients.
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2021, Journal of Bodywork and Movement TherapiesCitation Excerpt :MR has been investigated in both clinical and sport areas in order to find an optimal treatment and training protocols to improve neuromuscular function (Zemková 2014). It has been reported that 8 weeks of MR on plantar fascia, ankle flexors and hamstring muscles improved the balance in patients with hemiplegia caused by stroke (D. J. Park and Hwang 2016). Another studies showed that two weeks of massage on plantar fascia enhanced both static and dynamic postural balance in patients with any balance disorder (Chatchawan et al., 2015; Wikstrom and McKeon 2017).
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