Original ArticleRisk Factors Associated With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Indians: A Case–Control Study
Section snippets
Methods
This was an observational, analytical, single-centre study of cases and controls attending a Gastroenterology clinic at Cuttack, Orissa from October 2012 to October 2013. The study was approved by the Kalinga Gastroenterology Foundation (KGF) Ethical Committee. Only those subjects who provided informed consent for the study were included.
Four hundred and sixty-four consecutive NAFLD patients and 181 controls were analyzed in this study.
Results
Males outnumbered females and constituted 77.87% of the 461 patients. Both the controls and cases were matched for age. Of the total urban patients in the study, 81.3% had NAFLD compared to 64.75% of rural patients (P = 0.018). Only 9.75% of NAFLD patients were hard working people consisting of farmers and labourers. 45.98% persons in NAFLD group had a sedentary lifestyle (those in government service, private sectors and businessman) compared to 14.6% in the control group. Majority of NAFLD
Discussion
The present study showed a higher proportion of males in the NAFLD group, which was similar to the earlier studies from India.3, 4 NAFLD patients had a mean age of 42.15 years, which was similar to the age of the cohort in the NAFLD series of Madan et al.8 and Duseja et al.9 Similarly, the mean BMI too in our NAFLD patients (26.25 kg/m2) was comparable to the BMI reported in earlier studies from India3, 4 and was significantly higher than that of controls. Most studies from India had reported
Conclusion
Urban middle class Indian men with sedentary lifestyle were more likely to have NAFLD. NAFLD patients frequently consumed non-vegetarian food, fried food, spicy foods and tea. In our study, smoking, occasional alcohol consumption, aerated drinks and dental caries did not have any influence on the development of fatty liver. The NAFLD patients had higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and problematic snoring. Both obesity and abdominal obesity along with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia
Conflicts of interest
The authors have none to declare.
Financial support
This work was supported in part by the Kalinga Gastroenterology Foundation, Cuttack, India.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by a grant from Kalinga Gastroenterology Foundation, Cuttack, India.
References (32)
- et al.
Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma
Gastroenterology
(2002) - et al.
Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in urban south Indians in relations to different grades of glucose intolerance and metabolic syndrome
Diabetes Res Clin Pract
(2009) - et al.
Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: population based study
Ann Hepatol
(2007) - et al.
Long term nutritional intake and the risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a population based study
J Hepatol
(2007) - et al.
Dietary habits and their relations to insulin resistance and postprandial lipemia in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Hepatology
(2003) - et al.
Dietary habits and nutrient intake in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Nutrition
(2007) - et al.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans is associated with increased plasma endotoxin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 concentrations and with fructose intake
J Nutr
(2008) - et al.
Fructose consumption as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
J Hepatol
(2008) - et al.
Soft drink consumption is associated with fatty liver disease independent of metabolic syndrome
J Hepatol
(2009) - et al.
Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis
Lancet
(2005)
Association of cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index, and waist circumference to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Gastroenterology
The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Gastroenterology
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from steatosis to cirrhosis
Hepatology
Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in coastal eastern India: a preliminary ultrasonographic survey
Trop Gastroenterol
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
N Engl J Med
Etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Semin Liver Dis
Cited by (39)
Waist to height ratio in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease – Systematic review and meta-analysis
2023, Clinics and Research in Hepatology and GastroenterologySystematic Review and Meta-analysis: The Role of Diet in the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
2023, Clinical Gastroenterology and HepatologyCitation Excerpt :Absolute fiber intake11,13,19,25,27,31,32,43,45,52,55,57–61 had no effect in the presence of NAFLD (Supplementary Figure 4). Soft drink intake11,14,52,62 had a trend towards an association with NAFLD; however, the OR was 4.4 and the CI very wide (95% CI, 0.8–24) (Supplementary Figure 5). In individual studies, fructose intake was significantly higher in patients with NAFLD in one study,25 whereas 2 other large studies showed an association of NAFLD with fructose-rich fruits (OR, 1.45; P = .005)39 and fruit-juice intake (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01–1.13),49 respectively.
Tobacco, Cigarettes, and the Liver: The Smoking Gun
2021, Journal of Clinical and Experimental HepatologyNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease and associated dietary and lifestyle risk factors
2018, Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and ReviewsHigh red and processed meat consumption is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance
2018, Journal of HepatologyCitation Excerpt :Within the group of patients with NAFLD, similar positive associations of red and/or processed meat, meat cooked in unhealthy methods and HCAs were demonstrated with IR, which is a risk factor for disease severity.42 Our results are in accordance with the few studies published on this topic, indicating an association between total meat consumption and NAFLD20 and a potential protective role of a vegetarian diet43 or a low animal protein diet.44 In terms of food preparation methods, in a case-control study,5 grilled meat or fish intake more than once a week increased the odds for NAFLD by about twofold.5