Experimentally-Induced DiseaseExperimental Reproduction of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2)-Associated Enteritis in Pigs Infected with PCV2 Alone or Concurrently with Lawsonia intracellularis or Salmonella typhimurium
Introduction
Porcine circovirus (PCV)-associated disease (PCVAD) can manifest clinically in a variety of ways in a pig or group of pigs (Allan and Ellis, 2000). One clinical manifestation of PCVAD reported under field conditions is diarrhoea; however, to the authors’ knowledge, experimental reproduction of PCV type 2 (PCV2)-associated enteritis has not been described to date.
Field case reports indicate that granulomatous enteritis and diarrhoea can occur in animals infected with PCV2 and sometimes this is the only clinical sign of PCV2 infection (Segalés et al., 2001, Chae, 2005). Although enteric disease is one of the less commonly recognized clinical manifestations of PCVAD, it has been shown that PCV2 can be detected readily in faeces and thus it has been proposed that the faecal–oral route is the main route of PCV2 transmission (Sato et al., 2000, Yang et al., 2003, Jensen et al., 2006). PCV2 DNA can be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in faeces as early as 1 day postinoculation (dpi) and can still be detected at 70 dpi (Shibata et al., 2003). When faecal samples from PCVAD and non-PCVAD affected pigs were tested by PCR, PCV2 DNA was found in 60% of animals under 1.5 months of age and 88.2% of animals older than 1.5 months (Segalés et al., 2005). A threshold of 105 PCV2 DNA copies per ng of total DNA in faecal samples was proposed to differentiate between PCV2-affected and non-affected pigs (Segalés et al., 2005). Furthermore, faecal shedding of PCV2 has been determined to be an appropriate indicator for PCV2 incidence and faecal shedding levels mimic levels shed by other routes in affected animals (Grau-Roma et al., 2009).
PCV2-associated enteritis may occur any time in the grow-finish phase, can affect the small or large intestine and is commonly associated with the presence of other swine enteric pathogens, including Salmonella typhimurium, which when found together with PCV2 resulted in more severe diarrhoea of longer duration (Kim et al., 2004, Jung et al., 2006). Affected intestinal segments are sometimes thickened and necrotic, resembling gross lesions of Lawsonia intracellularis infection, and have been misdiagnosed as such (Jensen et al., 2006). Microscopically, PCV2-associated enteritis has been described as having variable amounts of macrophages infiltrating the mucosa, with PCV2 antigen present in crypt epithelium and in macrophages in the lamina propria and submucosa. Villus atrophy and fusion together with multinucleated giant cells within the lamina propria have also been reported (Carrasco et al., 2000, Núñez et al., 2003, Kim et al., 2004, Zlotowski et al., 2008).
The aim of the present study was to develop a model for PCV2-associated enteritis and to determine if concurrent S. typhimurium or L. intracellularis infection with PCV2 increases the duration of faecal shedding of PCV2 and the severity of PCVAD and enteric lesions.
Section snippets
Animals and Housing
One-hundred-and-twenty conventional, specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were purchased from a commercial source known to be free of PCV2, swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine parvovirus (PPV) and swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV) as determined by periodical serological monitoring (PCV2, SIV, PRRSV, PPV, swine HEV) and PCR on serum (PCV2, PRRSV, swine HEV). The pigs were weaned and brought to the research facility at 2 weeks of age.
Clinical Disease
Individual pigs in the SALM (5/20) and the PCV2-SALM (6/20) groups had fluid-brown diarrhoea for 1–5 days between 2 and 14 dpi. In addition, 3/10 LAW pigs and 6/10 PCV2-LAW pigs developed bloody diarrhoea between 21 and 28 dpi.
At 1, 2 and 6 dpi, the pigs in the PCV2-SALM and SALM groups had significantly (P < 0.05) higher group mean rectal temperatures compared with the controls. The group mean temperatures were not different at any of the other days examined; however, a PCV2-LAW pig developed a
Discussion
PCVAD can manifest in different ways within an individual pig or a group of pigs. One expression, and sometimes the only manifestation of PCVAD on some farms, is diarrhoea. To the authors’ knowledge, experimental reproduction of PCV2-associated enteritis has not been previously described. In the present study we have reproduced experimentally systemic PCVAD and PCV2-associated granulomatous enteritis in pigs inoculated orally with PCV2 via gastric lavage. This further highlights the importance
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc. We thank Dr. L. Kesl and Dr. R. Saltzman for assistance with the animal work, Dr. M. de Mateo-Aznar for assistance with necropsy examinations, Dr. S. Panarese for assistance with immunohistochemical analysis and Dr. J. Kroll and P. Utely for their efforts in supplying the challenge stocks of L. intracellularis.
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2013, Preventive Veterinary MedicineCitation Excerpt :Other disease syndromes (reproductive failure, respiratory disease, porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome) have also been associated with PCV2 (Grau-Roma et al., 2011). The role of this agent in causing diarrhoea has not been determined, but it has been reported as a differential diagnosis to LI infections in severe cases of enteritis characterized by mucosal necrosis, elongation of crypts, mucosal histiocytosis of varying intensity, with PCV2-positive cells in the submucosa, lamina propia and crypt epithelium (Jensen et al., 2006; Opriessning et al., 2011). In challenge studies with LI where infected animals were compared to uninfected, the impact on average daily weight gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FCR) varied from 6% to 20% and 6% to 25% reduction, respectively (Gogolewski et al., 1991; McOrist et al., 1996, 1997).