ReviewConventional glass-ionomer materials: A review of the developments in glass powder, polyacid liquid and the strategies of reinforcement
Section snippets
Historical development of glass-ionomers
Glass-ionomers (GIs) were developed and patented1 in the late 1960s by Alan Wilson and co-workers at the Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC) in London to replace dental silicate cements. Dental silicate cements – then the primary material of choice for the restoration of anterior dentition – were inherently brittle, susceptible to acid erosion, failed to adhesively bond to sound tooth structure and raised concerns owing to increased pulpal sensitivity.2 A major impediment to the
Developments in GI powder
GIs are composed of an ion leachable glass powder and a polyacid liquid which are mixed together using a predetermined power:liquid mixing ratio to form a solid mass on setting. The GI powder is prepared from an aluminosilicate glass which serves as a source of ions for the cement forming reaction.24, 25 The glass composition controls the setting rate of the cement forming reaction26, 27 and the refractive index match to the polysalt matrix dictates the translucency of the set GI.28 The glass
Developments in GI liquid
The liquid component of the earliest experimental GI (ASPA-I) was composed of an acrylic acid homopolymer solution (50% by mass)16 which had poor working and setting characteristics and was susceptible to gelation due to formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the polymer chains.16 To improve the handling characteristics, tartaric acid (5% by mass) was added to the acrylic acid homopolymer (47.5% by mass) to form ASPA-II51 which improved the working and setting characteristics.
Strategies of reinforcement
Since the introduction of ASPA to the dental market in the early 1970s, the GI powder and liquid constituents have undergone significant changes in chemical make-up. As a result, the range of clinical applications has expanded from luting cements to cavity liners or bases and restorative materials. The major advantage of GIs over dental amalgam and resin-based composites (RBCs) for the restoration of natural dentition is the ability of GIs to chemically bond to sound tooth structure.77, 78 In
Conclusion
In conclusion, the extensive literature available on GIs extending from the earliest to modern day commercially available materials was reviewed with the aim of highlighting the major developments in the GI powder and liquid components. The GI glass powder has undergone significant changes from the earliest formulation (G-200) in an effort to enhance the reactivity with the GI liquid. The GI liquids have also been optimised by the manufacturers in terms of polyacid composition, molecular weight
References (147)
The physico-mechanical consequences of exposing glass-ionomer cements to water during setting
Biomaterials
(1981)- et al.
Characterisation of glass ionomer cements 5. The effect of the tartaric acid concentration in the liquid component
Journal of Dentistry
(1979) - et al.
Characterisation of glass-ionomer cements 1. Long term hardness and compressive strength
Journal of Dentistry
(1976) Glass-ionomer cements – origins, development and future
Clinical Materials
(1991)- et al.
Characterisation of glass-ionomer cements 7. The physical properties of current materials
Journal of Dentistry
(1984) - et al.
Development and use of water-hardening glass-ionomer luting cements
Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
(1984) Chemistry of glass-ionomer cements: a review
Biomaterials
(1998)- et al.
Structure–property relationship in ionomer glasses
Clinical Materials
(1991) - et al.
Influence of glass composition on the properties of glass polyalknoate cements. Part III. Influence of fluorite content
Biomaterials
(2000) Fluoride release and uptake by glass-ionomers and related materials and its clinical effect
Biomaterials
(1998)
Effect of fluoride-releasing restorative materials on bacteria-induced pH fall at the bacteria–material interface: an in vitro model study
Journal of Dentistry
Development of novel dental cements I. Formulation of aluminoborate glasses
Clinical Materials
Development of novel dental cements II. Cement properties
Clinical Materials
Novel polyalkenoate (glass-ionomer) dental cements based on zinc silicate glasses
Biomaterials
Influence of glass composition on the properties of glass polyalknoate cements. Part I. Influence of aluminium to silicon ratio
Biomaterials
Development of glass-ionomer cement systems
Biomaterials
Influence of glass composition on the properties of glass polyalknoate cements. Part II. Influence of phosphate content
Biomaterials
Properties of improved glass-ionomer cement formulations
Journal of Dentistry
Changes in compressive strength on ageing in glass polyalkenoate (glass-ionomer) cements prepared from acrylic/maleic acid copolymers
Biomaterials
Long-term flexural strength of glass-ionomer cements
Biomaterials
An in vitro investigation of polyvinylphosphonic acid based cement with four conventional glass-ionomer cements. Part 2: maturation in relation to surface hardness
Journal of Dentistry
An in vitro investigation of polyvinylphosphonic acid based cement with four conventional glass-ionomer cements. Part 1: flexural strength and fluoride release
Journal of Dentistry
Viscoelasticity of ionomer gels. 2. The elastic moduli
Polymer
Characterisation of glass-ionomer cements 3. Effect of polyacid concentration on the physical properties
Journal of Dentistry
The influence of polyacrylic acid number average molecular weight and concentration in solution on the compressive fracture strength and modulus of a glass-ionomer restorative
Dental Materials
Characterisation of glass-ionomer cements 4. Effect of molecular weight on physical properties
Journal of Dentistry
Can polyacrylic acid molecular weight mixtures improve the compressive fracture strength and elastic modulus of a glass-ionomer restorative?
Dental Materials
Fibrous reinforcement of glass-ionomer cements
Clinical Materials
Strengthening of glass-ionomer cement by compounding short fibres with CaO–P2O5–SiO2–Al2O3 glass
Biomaterials
Reactive fibre reinforced glass-ionomer cements
Biomaterials
Cermet cements
Journal of the American Dental Association
The properties of glass polyalkenoate (ionomer) cement incorporating sintered metallic particles
Dental Materials
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles addition to a conventional glass-ionomer restorative: Influence on physical and antibacterial properties
Journal of Dentistry
Modification of titanium dioxide particles to reinforce glass-ionomer restoratives
Dental Materials
Experimental studies on a new bioactive material: HAIonomer cements
Biomaterials
Effects of incorporation of HA/ZrO2 into glass-ionomer cement (GIC)
Biomaterials
Toughness, bonding and fluoride-release properties of hydroxyapatite-added glass ionomer cement
Biomaterials
Effects of incorporation of hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite nanobioceramics into conventional glass-ionomer cements (GIC)
Acta Biomaterialia
Dental silicate cements I. The chemistry of erosion
Journal of Dental Research
A hard decade's work: steps in the invention of the glass-ionomer cement
Journal of Dental Research
Dental silicate cements II. Preparation and durability
Journal of Dental Research
Dental silicate cements III. Environment and durability
Journal of Dental Research
Dental silicate cements IV. Alternative liquid cement formers
Journal of Dental Research
A new translucent cement for dentistry. The glass ionomer cement
British Dental Journal
Scientific and clinical development
Developments in glass-ionomer cements
International Journal of Prosthodontics
The effect of varnishes and other surface treatments on water movement across the glass-ionomer cement surface
Australian Dental Journal
Reactions in glass-ionomer cements IV. Effect of chelating comonomers on setting behaviour
Journal of Dental Research
Reactions in glass ionomer cements V. Effect of incorporating tartaric acid in the cement liquid
Journal of Dental Research
Cited by (84)
Reinforcement of resin-modified glass-ionomer cement with glass fiber and graphene oxide
2023, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical MaterialsPrevalence and mean number of teeth with amalgam and nonamalgam restorations, United States, 2015 through 2018
2023, Journal of the American Dental AssociationFormation of hydroxyapatite nanoprecursors by the addition of bioactive particles in resin-modified glass ionomer cements
2021, International Journal of Adhesion and AdhesivesWear Pathways of Tooth Occlusal Fissure Sealants: An Integrative Review
2021, BiotribologyCitation Excerpt :The glass component is prepared by sintering mixtures of powdered silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), cryolite (Na3AlF6), aluminium trifluoride (AlF3), fluorite (CaF2) and aluminium phosphate (AlPO4) at 1100–1500 °C. Nowadays, some commercial brands include Zinc, Lanthanum, Strontium, or Calcium fluoroaluminosilicate [40]. Polyacrylic acid is the main content of the aqueous solution although tartaric and maleic acid as well as homo- or co-polymer of acrylic acid can be found [8].