Ethno veterinary uses of medicinal plants of district Karak, Pakistan
Graphical abstract
Introduction
The local plants used for the treatment of conventional diseases of livestock and domestic birds are generally called ethno veterinary medicinal plants. The branch of biological science dealing with medicinal plants and their uses in traditional practices is termed as ethno veterinary botany, while ethno veterinary medicine (EVM) is the sub field of ethno veterinary botany. EVM deals with all the traditional techniques applied by humans not only to control the common diseases of livestock but also to improve the breeding practices in them (McCorkle, 1986). Another appropriate definition was laid down by McCorkle (1995). According to him; EVM is the conventional knowledge and its allied skills used for the health care of animals and to increase their products for the human welfare. The knowledge about EVM is commencing from generation to generation in a descendent order like unbroken series of chain up to the first ancestor. The modern civilization favors the modern technologies and modern discoveries of treatment, so old tradition is reducing day by day. Due to these reasons, most of the organizations and researchers are trying to conserve this fragile knowledge in written form (McCorkle et al., 1997). Due to easy availability and low cost of EVM plants, the livestock owners of the remote areas use them as a first aid for their animals (Jabbar et al., 2006).
It is generally observed that most of the cattle have displayed several stomach complaints, which are solved by majority of the livestock keepers by using the dose prepared from local plants such as the diluted juice extracted from the leaves of Calotropis procera bring relief in stomach flatulence of cattle (Abbasi et al., 2013).
The indigenous plants, the domestic animals and the human community have interdependency. Their presence for each other is the guarantee for their survival. It is admissible fact that the livestock provide a wide range of dairy products, so their protection from diseases is the major responsibility of the human being. The people of remote and rural areas of Pakistan have no access or affordability for English drugs due to their high costs. As a result, they carry on the treatment of their domestic animals and birds with the local herbal remedies. Presently the knowledge about usage of ethno veterinary medicinal plants is in the guardianship of elders of the villages. Their documentation is necessary to transfer this traditional ethno veterinary knowledge to other community members. The main aim of the present study was to preserve the knowledge of elders by sharing with community members of District Karak in written form.
Section snippets
Study area
Karak is the highly educated District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan. It is located at 33°7׳12 N and 71°5׳41E. The head quarter of Karak is located on Indus Highway just 123 km away from the capital of KP at the south of Peshawar. The District Bannu is located on south-west, Lakki District on south and Kohat District on north (Fig. 1). Total area of District Karak is 3372 km2, while the total population according to the 2011 census is 734,765 (Wikipedia.org/wiki/karak). Total area of
Results
A total of 115 informants were interviewed, of which 60 were male aged 70–80 years, while 35 were female of age 60–70 and 20 were young with 18–25 years (Table 1). The local Hakim and the veterinary doctors were interviewed to seek wide range of information about the plants used for ethno veterinary purposes. The present study reported 46 plants belonging to 31 families commonly used to cure various diseases of domestic animals and birds by the local human community. Only those plants were
Discussion
The present study reported 46 EVM plants belonging to 31 families to cure various diseases of domestic animals and birds by the local community. Plants used traditionally for treating animal diseases are abundantly growing in the study area. They are not so much exploited by over grazing or by the other activities of the inhabitants, but the future threats are always present. The local people are not properly aware to protect and conserve these EVM plants. They are disturbing the natural
Conclusion
Present study documented the traditional use of 46 plant species of 42 genera belonging to 31 families of medicinal plants by indigenous people. The most frequently used plants of the study area in the animal health care practices were O. ferruginea Royle, M. azedarach L. T. aphylla L. and W. coagulans Stocks. W. somnifera L. D. viscosa L. and P. aphylla Decne. Their improper collection and usage, disturbance of their habitat and overgrazing have created noteable problems of extinction of some
Acknowledgments
We are thankful to all the local people, hakims and veterinary doctors for sharing their ethno veterinary related traditional knowledge with us. We are also thankful to Dr. Lal Badshah, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Pakistan for plants identification and Dr. Shumaila Noreen, Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan for her help in animals/birds nomenclature and various disease identifications.
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