Does Eryngium maritimum seeds extract protect against CCl4 and cisplatin induced toxicity in rats: Preliminary phytochemical screening and assessment of its in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity and antifibrotic effect

doi:10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.054

Journal of Functional Foods

Volume 37, October 2017, Pages 363-372

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.054 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Methanol extract of Eryngium maritimum seeds.
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Phytochemical screening.
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Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effect.

Abstract

The present work was undertaken to investigate the protective effects of Eryngium maritimum seeds extract (MEE) against CCl₄ and cisplatin induced toxicity in rats. The levels of total phenolics and flavonoids were ca. 20 mg GAE/g and ca. 19 mg QE/g, respectively. Using HPLC twenty-one molecules were identified. MEE showed important in vitro antioxidant activities. Results demonstrated that MEE-treatment restored the increased activities of AST, ALT, LDH and ALP and the high levels of serum creatinine, urea and uric acid levels induced by CCl₄ and cisplatin treatment. Moreover, MEE presented important in vivo antioxidant activities; increased the activities of CAT, SOD and GPx and decreased the TBARS and protein carbonyl contents. The histopathological studies suggested that MEE clearly alleviated the degree of tissues fibrosis. The obtained results highlighted the potential use of E. maritimum as a source of bioactive compounds with hepatoprotective and nephroprotective advantages.

Introduction

Many factors are implicated in the liver and kidney toxicity, such as immune reactions, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) is a well-known compound that causes hepatic damage including fibrosis and inflammation (Ma, Ding, Zhao, & Liu, 2014). Indeed, CCl₄ is widely used in the laboratories as hepatotoxic compound that induce liver damage (Brautbar & Williams, 2002). In vivo chronic exposure to CCl₄ leads to necrosis and subsequently to fibrosis (Vatakuti, Schoonen, Elferink, Groothuis, & Olinga, 2015). Cisplatin is largely used as an antitumor drug but it can provoke numerous side effects, such as nephrotoxicity (Miller, Tadagavadi, Ramesh, & Brian Reeves, 2010). Indeed, chronic exposure to cisplatin in vivo leads to inflammation, tubular necrosis, and apoptosis (Miller et al., 2010, Özkol et al., 2012). Plant seeds are important sources of fatty acids and phenolic compounds, as important ingredient in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their beneficial effects on human health (Ferguson et al., 2005, Roy and Mainzen Prince, 2013). Indeed, many previous reports have suggested the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of plant seeds against CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity (Fu et al., 2016, Souza et al., 2016, Zhan et al., 2016).

The genus Eryngium, as the most extensive and taxonomically complex genus belonging to the Apiaceae family, is represented by 317 taxa worldwide. Eryngium maritimum has a wide native distribution in Europe and adjacent parts of northern Africa and Middle East (Avižienė et al., 2008, Fitter and Peat, 1994, Hegi, 1975). Moreover, Eryngium maritimum has been introduced into parts of eastern North America (Hultén & Fries, 1986) where it was used as ornamental plant for seashore restoration (Lieberman & O'Neill, 1988). The use of Eryngium species is well-known in the traditional medicines worldwide, as antitussive, appetizer, stimulant and aphrodisiac (Andrew, 2001, Küpeli et al., 2006, Meot-Duros et al., 2008). It is also used in the Mediterranean against snake and scorpion bites (Küpeli et al., 2006, Sezik et al., 1997). Furthermore, it is used to treat diseases of the liver and kidneys; it is a stone inhibitor and used as diuretic (Bone and Mills, 2013, Bown, 1995, Grieve, 1984; www.botanicals.com).

To our knowledge, there were no data about the phytochemical composition of E. maritimum. Moreover, there were no information about the hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antifibrotique effect of E. maritimum extract. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to investigate for the first time the phytochemical composition and the effect of methanolic extract of E. maritimum against CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The antifibrotique effect was also estimated.

Section snippets

Plant material

Seeds of Eryngium maritimum were collected from Borj Cedria, Tunisia (June 2012). The authentication of the species was performed by Pr. A. Samoui, Biotechnology Center at the Technopark of Borj-Cedria. Voucher specimen (Eryngium: CBBC-LSBA-1/03-02-2011) was deposited in the herbarium of the Biotechnology Center at the Technopark of Borj-Cedria (Tunis). Samples were mixed, air-dried at room temperature, and then a representative sample was used for further analysis.

Methanolic extract

After one night at 30 °C, the

Bioactive molecules contents and antioxidant activities

Phenolic compounds are the most predominant bioactive molecules in plants and the major responsible for its antioxidant capacity. In this study, spectrophotometric analyses were used for preliminary screening of total phenolic compounds (Table 1) then we used the HPLC method for a more comprehensive of the chemical composition (Table 2).

The levels of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were ca. 20 mg GAE/g DR and ca. 19 mg QE/g DR, respectively (Table 1). Using HPLC-method twenty-one

Discussion

Phenolic compounds improve the value and nutritional quality of food by retarding the oxidative degradation of lipids (Aneta, Jan, & Renata, 2007). Furthermore, phenolic compounds may have a large of advantageous properties on human health (Borska et al., 2012, Shan et al., 2005). All medicinal plants contain large varieties of bioantioxidants with antiradical scavenging capacity. Eryngium maritimum, as a medicinal plant and largely distributed in North of Africa, is traditionally used to treat

Conclusion

In the present study, results demonstrated, for the first time, that the pretreatment with the methanol extract of Eryngium maritimum seeds (MEE) has a nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects. The phytochemical screening using HPLC allowed us the identification of twenty-one molecules. Moreover, seeds of E. maritimum were rich with unsaturated oil. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that MEE demonstrated a reducing power and DPPH scavenging activities. In vivo experimental

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the Technical Service in Faculty of Sciences, Gafsa, Tunisia, for the analyses and technical assistance. The authors express their sincere gratitude to Rached Raddadi, Hafedh Trabelsi, and Jihen Jeffel, technicians at Anatomopathology Laboratory, Gafsa, Tunisia, for their assistance in histological studies.

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The genus Eryngium is known for producing a wide range of bioactive compounds with proved medicinal properties. In the last years, research has focused on E. maritimum, with previous studies reporting anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Ethnobotanical literature suggests that it has been traditionally used to treat a wide range of illnesses, having antitussive, diuretic and aphrodisiac properties. Being rhizome one of the most bioactive organs, much of the available references from traditional uses suggest that it has been specifically used to treat renal diseases. In this sense, inflammation and oxidative processes play a major role in kidney dysfunctions, which could be associated to the mechanism of action of the plant extracts.
The main aim of the study was to investigate the effects of E. maritimum rhizome extract on the antioxidant and inflammatory response in human immune cells.
Rhizome extracts were obtained from plants growing in Mallorca (Balearic Islands), and its composition was determined using HPLC-DAD, highlighting simple phenolic compounds such as trans-ferulic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin and rosmarinic acid as the major constituents. Total antioxidant capacity was determined using the FRAP assay. Jurkat cells were cultured to analyse cytotoxicity by cell viability assay. In parallel, cells were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and treated with different extract concentrations. Gene and protein expression, as well as nitrite and cytokine levels were evaluated as indicators of metabolic responses.
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These results can be linked to the higher content of bioactive phenolic compounds, such as rosmarinic and caffeoylquinic acids, detected in the root of the studied endangered plant (Table 1), since polyphenols have the capacity to donate H+ and e– to free radicals, stabilizing them and giving rise to a quite stable phenolic radical (Heim et al., 2002). To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first study reporting the in vitro antioxidant activity of E. viviparum extracts, but there are reports with other Eryngium spp. including E. serbicum L. (Vukic et al., 2018), E. bourgatii (Cádiz-Gurrea et al., 2013), and E. maritimum (Mejri et al., 2017). The results of the cytotoxic activity of E. viviparum extracts against four human tumour cells and a non-tumour porcine liver cell culture are displayed in Table 2.
Eryngium viviparum is an endangered species that requires management efforts based on complementary ex situ conservation strategies, such as in vitro culture. This study was carried out to evaluate the phenolic composition and the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial properties of E. viviparum aerial and root parts obtained by this micropropagation technique. The HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSⁿ analysis showed that phenolic compounds were more abundant in the root (102 ± 4 mg g⁻¹ extract) than in the aerial part (40.6 ± 0.8 mg g⁻¹ extract) of the plant. The major compound was trans rosmarinic acid, followed by trans 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid. The root extract also showed higher antioxidant activity, with a result close to that of trolox in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation inhibition assay, and a moderate toxicity to lung (NCI-H460), breast (MCF-7) and liver (HepG2) tumour cells. It was also more effective than ketoconazole against Penicillium ochrochloron. In turn, the aerial part extract inhibited Salmonella typhimurium more effectively than ampicillin. This study highlights E. viviparum as an unexplored source of bioactive compounds with potential application in the food, pharmaceutical, and other industrial sectors. Consequently, it promotes the interest of conserving this endangered species.
HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS profiling of Zygophyllum album roots extract and assessment of its cardioprotective effect against deltamethrin-induced myocardial injuries in rat, by suppression of oxidative stress-related inflammation and apoptosis via NF-κB signaling pathway
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Zygophyllum album is widely used to treat many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and as anti-inflammatory plant.
This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of the potential protective effects of Zygophyllum album roots extract (ZARE) against myocardial damage and fibrosis induced by a chronic exposure to deltamethrin (DLM) in rats.
Bioactive compounds present in ZARE were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. In vivo, DLM (4 mg/kg body weight), ZARE (400 mg/kg body weight) and DLM with ZARE were administered to rats orally for 60 days. Biochemical markers (LDH, ALT, CK, CK-MB and cTn-I) were assessed in the plasma by an auto-analyzer. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were evaluated by a sandwich ELISA. NF-κB was quantified at mRNA levels by real time PCR. Heart tissue was used to determine cardiac oxidative stress markers (MDA, PC, SOD, CAT, and GPx). Masson's Trichrome (MT) and Sirius Red (SR) stainings were used for explored fibrosis statues.
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Unravelling the potential of the medicinal halophyte Eryngium maritimum L.: In vitro inhibition of diabetes-related enzymes, antioxidant potential, polyphenolic profile and mineral composition
2019, South African Journal of Botany
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Moreover, sea holly has been introduced into cosmetics as cell-suspension cellulosomes in anti-ageing face creams (Rossanalabs, 2018). Research on E. maritimum has been conducted mainly on organic extracts and essential oils from either aerial parts or roots, and reports antimicrobial, antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory activities and main constituents like phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenes (Lisciani et al., 1984; Meot-Duros et al., 2008; Kholkhal et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012; Amessis-Ouchemoukh et al., 2014; Darriet et al., 2014; Yurdakok et al., 2014; Erdem et al., 2015; Conea et al., 2016; Mejri et al., 2017; Rjeibi et al., 2017). Few reports focused on aqueous or hydroethanolic extracts namely following the usage given in folk practices (infusions, decoctions and tinctures of the medicinal plant) and seldom did studies perform a comparative assessment of the different plant organs.
This work searched for the biotechnological potential and chemical characterisation of the medicinal halophyte Eryngium maritimum L. as source of bioactive natural products with enzymatic inhibitory properties and antioxidant capacity. With that aim, herbal formulations traditionally used in folk medicine, namely tisanes (infusions and decoctions) and tinctures, were prepared from four different anatomical organs (roots, stems, leaves and flowers) and assessed for in vitro inhibition of enzymes related with diabetes and for antioxidant potential. Phenolic fingerprinting and mineral contents were also assessed. Sea holly's tisanes, particularly from flowers and leaves, had the highest phenolic content although tinctures were comparatively richer considering the ingestion dosage. The main constituents identified were carvacrol, 2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid, naringenin, catechin and t-cinnamic acid; from the several compounds identified, naringin, naringenin and 2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid are here firstly described in the genus and epicatechin and carvacrol in the species. In all extracts, sodium was the most abundant mineral, followed by potassium, calcium and magnesium, pointing to possible nutritional applications of these beverages/tinctures as macronutrients supplementary source. Sea holly's tinctures (stems, leaves and flowers) were capable of inhibiting dietary carbohydrate digestive enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) and had in vitro antioxidant potential, particularly flowers. Altogether, results highlight that sea holly extracts, especially tinctures from stems, leaves and flowers, could be a novel source of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors, antioxidant compounds and also phenolic and mineral constituents, thus suggesting they may be interesting to further explore as potential health-promoting herbal beverages, food additives or other products.
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2018, Industrial Crops and Products
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The precipitate was once again extracted and filtered. The final extract was concentrated for further analysis (Mejri et al., 2017; Pires et al., 2018). Total phenol content was estimated using the method described by Tlili et al. (2011b).
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of location on both the protein, oil and phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and Schinus molle L. fruits. Significant variability was detected. Schinus terebinthifolius fruits contained high levels of protein (17.5–26.2%), oil (13.88–14.08%) and phenolic compounds (32.39–35.23 mg GAE/g DW). Schinus molle samples had high antioxidant activity. Unsaturated fatty acids were the major fatty acids (63.52–69.07%). An HPLC analysis revealed noticeable differences between regions and species. This study highlights the value of S. terebinthifolius and S. molle fruits as an attractive source of bioantioxidants and may be used to improve the consistent index for estimating fruit richness in biomolecules for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.
Edible halophytes of the Mediterranean basin: Potential candidates for novel food products
2018, Trends in Food Science and Technology
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Sea holly has a significant content of phenolic acids, being caffeic acid and gallic acid the major compounds (Mejri et al., 2017). Besides to these compounds several other constituents are also present, namely flavonoids (flavone, rutin trihydrat, quercetin dihydrat, kaempferol, apigenin, luteolin) and phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid, trans-hydroxycinnamic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid and salicylic acid) (Mejri et al., 2017). Moreover, Amessis-Ouchemoukh et al. (2014) reported differences in bioactive contents between leaves and stems, with leaves contain higher amounts of total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins and total tannins.
Recent trends in the food science industry and consumers’ preferences for diversified diets suggest the consumption of wild greens not only as diet complements but also as healthy and functional foods for targeted conditions, rendering its commercial cultivation of major importance in order to avoid irrational gathering and genetic erosion threats. The Mediterranean basin abounds in wild edible species which have been used for food and medicinal purposes by human throughout the centuries. Many of these species can be found near coastal areas and usually grow under saline conditions, while others can adapt in various harsh conditions including high salinity.
The aim of this review focuses on listing and describing the most important halophyte species that traditionally have been gathered by rural communities of the Mediterranean basin, while special interest will be given on their chemical composition and health promoting components. Cases of commercially cultivated halophytes will be also presented to highlight their potential as alternative cash crops, while results from in vitro and in vivo health effects will be presented.
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Does Eryngium maritimum seeds extract protect against CCl4 and cisplatin induced toxicity in rats: Preliminary phytochemical screening and assessment of its in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity and antifibrotic effect

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Plant material

Methanolic extract

Bioactive molecules contents and antioxidant activities

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Methods Enzymology

Chemico-Biological Interactions

Journal of Biological Chemistry

Food Chemical and Toxicology

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

Food Chemical and Toxicology

Methods Ezymology

Methods Enzymology

Journal of Functional Foods

Food Chemistry

Phytomedicine

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Food Chemical and Toxicology

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology

Food Control

Toxicology

Food Chemistry

Food Chemistry

Toxicology in Vitro

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Encyclopedia of medicinal plants

Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs

Food Chemistry

Does Eryngium maritimum seeds extract protect against CCl₄ and cisplatin induced toxicity in rats: Preliminary phytochemical screening and assessment of its in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity and antifibrotic effect