Clinical case
Prenatal diagnosis and prognosis of triple X syndrome: 47, XXXDiagnostic prénatal et pronostic du syndrome triple X : 47, XXX

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Summary

Triple X syndrome is a relatively common sex chromosomal abnormality occurring in 0,1% of live-born female infants. Most of these infants have a normal phenotype and only a few cases with 47, XXX karyotype have congenital malformations. We report three cases of triple X syndrome that were diagnosed prenatally by genetic amniocentesis for advanced maternal age and have been observed from birth to age of 3 to 12 years. A description of their growth and development is presented. The birth weight was normal in all patients and one of them had facial dysmorphism with right microphtalmia and auricular septal defect. During the first 2 years of life, the neuromotor development of these infants was not distinguishable from chromosomally normal children. By 3 years of age, two patients have a moderate developmental delay in speech and language. One girl 12-year-old had normal schooling. The diagnosis of the triple X syndrome can be never made because clinical demonstrations are not rather important to arouse the demand of a karyotype. Prenatal diagnosis is often made in front of the advanced maternal age. Expectant parents must be counseled as to the significance of this 47, XXX karyotype and prognostic information must be given.

Résumé

Le syndrome triple X est une anomalie chromosomique relativement fréquente qui touche 0,1 % des filles nées vivantes. La plupart de ces filles ont un phénotype normal et seulement quelques cas ont des malformations congénitales. Nous rapportons trois cas de syndrome triple X diagnostiqués en prénatal par l’étude du caryotype par amniocentèse réalisée devant l’âge maternel avancé et qui ont été observés de la naissance jusqu’à l’âge de trois à 12 ans avec une description de leur croissance et de leur développement psychomoteur. Le poids de naissance était normal dans tous les cas et un seul avait une dysmorphie faciale avec une microphtalmie droite et une communication interauriculaire. Pendant les deux premières années de vie, le développement psychomoteur de ces filles n’était pas distinguable des enfants normaux. À l’âge de trois ans, deux patientes avaient un retard modéré du développement du langage. Une fille âgée de 12 ans avait une scolarité normale. Le diagnostic du syndrome triple X peut ne jamais être fait car les manifestations cliniques ne sont pas importantes pour susciter la demande d’un caryotype. Le diagnostic prénatal est souvent fait devant l’âge maternel avancé. Les parents d’enfant triple X doivent être conseillés concernant la signification de ce syndrome et son pronostic.

Introduction

Triple X syndrome is a sex chromosomal abnormality that involves the presence of three sex chromosomes resulting in 47, XXX karyotype [1]. The numerical abnormality occurs as a result of nondysjunction in meiosis I. Approximately 90% of these cases are of maternal origin and 10% of paternal origin. The frequency of 47, XXX diagnosed by genetic amniocentesis is estimated to be 0,1% of live-born female infants which is approximately equivalent to its incidence in the newborn population [2]. Postnatal diagnosis is difficult because most of these cases have a normal phenotype and do not manifest as structural anomaly. Only a few cases with 47, XXX karyotype have congenital malformations reported in the literature [3]. Prenatal detection of triple X syndrome poses problems in genetic counseling. We report here three cases of triple X syndrome that were diagnosed prenatally and we remind the clinical and evolutionary particularities of this sex chromosome aneuploidy.

Section snippets

Case 1

Chaima, a term female infant was delivered at 38 weeks of gestation to a 40-year-old woman, followed in our neonatal consultation for triple X syndrome prenatally diagnosed with a karyotype by genetic amniocentesis for advanced maternal age. There was no history of consanguinity and had she two other children in good health. The woman was counseled about the prognosis of this condition, and she decided to continue with the pregnancy. The infant was delivered vaginally. Apgar scores were 8 and

Discussion

The first 47, triple X karyotype was described by Jacobs et al. in 1959 as the “super female”, although in most cases these females with an extra X chromosome were identified in hospitals for the mentally subnormal [1]. Female infants with 47, triple X are relatively common, occurring in 0,1% of live born female infants [2]. Most of these infants have a normal phenotype like in our cases 1 and 2. Only a few cases with 47, triple X karyotype have congenital malformations reported in the

Conclusion

We conclude that prenatal diagnosis of 47, triple X underlines the importance of discussing the sex chromosome abnormalities during the genetic counseling after an abnormal triple screen test or ultrasound examination. However, the ultrasound abnormalities leading to discovery of triple X syndrome are extremely rare and this syndrome is often a surprising genetic diagnosis. Health care professionals must therefore be prepared to give expectant parents a developmental prognosis of a fetal

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