The reliability of surface EMG recorded from the pelvic floor muscles
Introduction
The use of surface electromyography (SEMG) to assess the neuromuscular function of the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) using electrodes embedded on vaginal probes is widely used to increase our understanding of pelvic floor function (Aukee et al., 2003, Aukee et al., 2002, Madill and McLean, 2008, Santiesteban, 1988, Sapsford and Hodges, 2001, Sapsford et al., 2001, Smith et al., 2006, Smith et al., 2007a, Smith et al., 2007b, Smith et al., 2008, Thompson et al., 2006a, Thompson et al., 2006b, Thorp et al., 1991). When SEMG is used clinically as well as in research, the extent to which the measure is valid and reliable is fundamental to the interpretation of the results obtained. Despite the common use of SEMG to describe pelvic floor muscle function, the reliability of the different devices used has not been fully established.
Surface electrodes record the electrical potential of contracting muscles from the skin surface. The signal recorded using surface electrodes is the summation of electrical activity that is detected at the skināelectrode interface from the large number of motor units activated during a given contraction. Surface electrodes are readily available in most clinical and research settings. They are easy to apply, non-invasive, inexpensive, and are a practical way to record the composite electrical activity produced by the motor units within the detection region of the electrode. Valuable information can be extracted from the EMG data recorded using surface electrodes such as identifying whether a muscle is āonā or āoffā, if there is an increase or decrease in activity during a particular task, and if fatigue recorded changes are seen in the amplitude and frequency content of a signal. When appropriate steps are taken to standardize procedures and tasks, the reliability of SEMG data recorded from selected skeletal muscles has been reported to be acceptable (Kadaba et al., 1985, Kadaba et al., 1989, Kollmitzer et al., 1999, Marshall and Murphy, 2003, Ollivier et al., 2005, Yang and Winter, 1983). The between-trial reliability of SEMG tends to be better than the between-day reliability (Kadaba et al., 1989, Kollmitzer et al., 1999).
Unlike the electrodes routinely used on other skeletal muscles, the deep location of the PFMSs and the moist environment of the vaginal lumen preclude the use of self-adhesive recessed electrodes, which are normally used for SEMG acquisition to minimize electrode movement during tasks and thus the effect of motion artifact. The development of vaginal probes with electrodes embedded on their surfaces created a convenient way to measure SEMG from the PFMs that is more specific than recording electrical potentials from the perineum, respects the dignity of the participants, and is less invasive than the use of fine-wire electrodes. The EMG data recorded using a vaginal probe has the potential to allow clinicians and researchers to extract valuable information when diagnosing and treating women with PFM dysfunction.
Good reliability of SEMG signals recorded from the pelvic floor has been reported in the literature both qualitatively (Deindl et al., 1993, Santiesteban, 1988) and quantitatively (Aukee et al., 2002, Glazer et al., 1999, Thompson et al., 2006b, Thorp et al., 1991). Each of these studies used vaginal probes with different geometric properties, had detection surfaces of varying sizes embedded on them, configured the electrodes differently, and had subjects perform variations of similar tasks making comparisons across studies next to impossible. A closer investigation of the reported reliability values from these studies reveals significant limitations in their interpretation. Between-day reliability issues have been expressed in the literature for other skeletal muscles (Kadaba et al., 1989, Komi and Buskirk, 1970, Viitasalo and Komi, 1975, Yang and Winter, 1983), given the additional challenges when recording EMG from the PFMS, the true reliability may have been masked due to the combination of statistical methods applied and the random and variable nature of SEMG data. The purpose of this study was to determine the between-trial and between-day (testāretest) reliability of two different surface EMG detection devices commonly used to record PFM EMG activity during voluntary and reflex activation of the PFM in standing and in supine using a variety of statistical analysis.
Section snippets
Subjects
This study was approved by the Queen's University Health Sciences Research Ethics Board (REB# REH-315-06) and all subjects provided written informed consent. Healthy nulliparous females between the ages of 18 and 40 years were recruited from the Queen's University population to participate in this study. Twelve subjects volunteered and participated in the study, but data from only 10 of the subjects was used in the analysis due to data quality issues discussed in Section 3. Potential subjects
Subjects
Ten healthy women (30.0Ā Ā±Ā 3.9 years) participated in the study. The subject demographic information is reported in Table 1. On physical examination elevation of the pelvic floor was observed during a voluntary contraction in all women. Using digital palpation to assess PFM strength, the group average was grade three out of five on the modified Oxford grading system. Two of the women reported performing PFM contractions as an exercise on a regular basis. The length of time between EMG testing
Discussion
Between-trial reliability was acceptable using the Femiscanā¢ and Periformā¢ probes to record PFM EMG, but the testāretest reliability was poor. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that if using either probe as a biofeedback device to train an individual to recruit and activate the PFMs on a given day it is possible to detect training-related changes in PFM activation that may result from motor learning during that session. Based on the results of this study the use of the Periformā¢ or
Acknowledgements
Support for this work from Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Canadian Institute of Health Research is gratefully acknowledged.
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