CNS chemokines, cytokines, and dendritic cells in autoimmune demyelination
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2023, Journal of NeuroimmunologyIntranasal delivery of stem cells as therapy for central nervous system disease
2015, Experimental and Molecular PathologyCitation Excerpt :A cautionary note should therefore be sounded regarding the use of hyaluronidase in i.n. stem cell treatment. Given that transduction of BM-NSCs with CCR5, a chemokine receptor for CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, all of which are increased in the inflamed foci of EAE mice (Segal, 2005), greatly increased the speed and numbers of stem cells migrating to EAE foci after i.v. injection (Yang et al., 2012), this approach might also improve the migration efficacy of i.n. stem cell administration. PD is a chronic CNS degenerative disorder, whose pathogenesis includes aging, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (Gao et al., 2003; Takahashi and Wakabayashi, 2005).
Neurotrophin 3 transduction augments remyelinating and immunomodulatory capacity of neural stem cells
2014, Molecular TherapyCitation Excerpt :In the CNS, infiltrating autoreactive T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as activated microglia and astrocytes, produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23, and promote cell-mediated immunity.1,2 Conversely, immunoregulatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β and IL-27 may be protective.30,31 Importantly, an immunomodulatory effect of NT-3 has been suggested because it induces Th2 cells to produce IL-418 and suppresses CFA-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia39 and experimental trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis.40
Immune regulation of multiple sclerosis
2014, Handbook of Clinical NeurologyCitation Excerpt :The specific functional effect of the individual cytokines depends on intracellular signaling events that are triggered by the binding of cytokines to their specific receptor. Their pleotropism and redundancy make a simple statement about the function of individual cytokines difficult, although studies in knockout mice have helped to clarify the physiologic role of certain cytokines (Perry et al., 2005; Platanias, 2005; Segal, 2005). The burgeoning family of chemoattractant cytokines, so-called chemokines, comprises a large and diverse group of 8–10 kDa proteins that display between two and four NH2-terminal cystein amino acid residues.