Basic ResearchEfficacy of Berberine, an Antimicrobial Plant Alkaloid, as an Endodontic Irrigant against a Mixed-culture Biofilm in an In Vitro Tooth Model
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Antibacterial Activity and Bacterial Growth Assay
Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using a microdilution method in microtiter plates (24). Test bacteria included E. faecalis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 29212, P. intermedia ATCC 25611, and F. nucleatum ATCC 10953. The final inoculum concentrations were 5 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL for E. faecalis and 5 × 106 CFU/mL for F. nucleatum or P. intermedia. Controls included an inoculated growth medium without test compounds, and sample blanks contained
Results
The MICs of the test agents against tested bacteria strains are listed in Table 1. All test agents inhibited growth of the selected bacteria. BBr inhibited the in vitro growth of F. nucleatum (MIC = 31.25 μg/mL), P. intermedia (MIC = 3.8 μg/mL), and E. faecalis (MIC = 500 μg/mL) in brain-heart infusion medium. E. faecalis was less sensitive to BBr when compared with the other 2 test bacteria.
Intergroup analysis of S1 (bacterial loads in the canals before instrumentation and irrigation) samples
Discussion
The polymicrobial nature of endodontic infections is well established (25). The intracanal microbiota in endodontically infected teeth exists both as a loose collection and as biofilm structures, consisting of cocci, rods, and filamentous bacteria (26). Many in vitro studies used planktonic cultures (bacteria in suspension) or monospecies biofilms 12, 27. In the current study, we established an in vitro mixed-culture biofilm model system to investigate the bactericidal activity of selected
Acknowledgments
The authors deny any conflicts of interest related to this study.
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This study was supported by an American Association of Endodontists Foundation research grant and the Departments of Endodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago.