Original ArticleRisk factors for childhood overweight: A prospective study from birth to 9.5 years☆
Section snippets
Study population
Newborn infants (n = 216) and their parents were recruited from the well newborn nurseries at a university hospital, community hospital, and a health maintenance organization in the San Francisco Bay Area. Recruitment and eligibility procedures have been detailed elsewhere.15 This study was approved by the Stanford University Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects. Both parents gave written consent to participate in this study and also gave permission for the participation of their
Results
The demographics for the study sample and for those who dropped out of the study for whom an adequate data set was not available were evaluated. There was only one significant difference between these two groups, with the mothers of dropouts being somewhat less highly educated (χ2 = 11.3, P = .004).
Discussion
Risk factors for obesity must result in a positive energy balance through 1 or more of 3 pathways: a higher caloric intake than required to sustain normal growth; lower caloric output through physical activity; or an alteration in metabolism that affects caloric balance. Confirming previous observations,2., 3., 10. the most potent risk factor in this study was parental overweight. Parental overweight has a direct effect on childhood overweight, as has been described previously, as well as an
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Sucking behavior in typical and challenging feedings in association with weight gain from birth to 4 Months in full-term infants: Sucking and Weight Gain in Infancy
2020, AppetiteCitation Excerpt :We measured infant sucking behavior using the Neonur (Medoff-Cooper et al., 2009). The Neonur or similar devices that include a pressure transducer in a standard infant bottle have been used in multiple prior studies (Agras, Hammer, McNicholas, & Kraemer, 2004; Agras et al., 1990; Agras et al., 1987; Kron, Stein, & Goddard, 1963; Lau & Kusnierczyk, 2001; Medoff-Cooper et al., 2009; Stunkard et al., 2004). The device samples sucking for the first 2 min of each feeding (mean 113 s, SD 17).
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Dr McNicholas is now at University College, Dublin, Ireland.
Supported by grant HD-25492 from the National Institute of Child Health and Development.