Original articleDetermination of in vivo glenohumeral translation using fluoroscopy and shape-matching techniques
Section snippets
Materials and methods
Nine shoulders in 9 subjects (8 males, 1 female; average 31 years, 27-38 years) were studied. All shoulders were asymptomatic and had no history of injury and no clinical or radiographic sign of pathology. All subjects provided informed consent to participate in this study. CT scans (LightSpeed Plus, GE Yokokawa Medical System) of each shoulder were acquired at 0.5 mm intervals, and 3D models of the scapula and proximal humerus were created (Tomovision, SliceOmatic and Raindrop Geomagic
Results
The humerus moved an average of 1.7 mm, from inferior to the glenoid center, during arm active abduction (Fig 3). The humeral head was centered within 1 mm from the glenoid center above 80° abduction. All 9 shoulders exhibited the same pattern of motion, with most variability in the data appearing to result from the definition of the glenoid center. Variation in the defined glenoid center point resulted in an offset of each shoulder's data from a consistent point on the glenoid. The variability
Discussion
A variety of methods have been used in previous studies to describe humeral head translation relative to the glenoid. These reports have provided few consistent findings. Poppen and Walker observed on radiographs that the humeral head moved upward relative to the glenoid between 0°and 30° abduction, with little additional translation thereafter. Other in vivo studies have suggested that the glenohumeral joint behaves as a perfectly congruent ball and socket joint.9, 19, 20 Cadaver studies have
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